NOTES (Chapter 5)
1. Samuel B. Griffith, trans., Sun Tzu: The Art of War (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 141.
2. FBIS, IRNA, AHashemi-Rafsanjani on Countering Big Powers," September 1, 1987.
3. FBIS, Near East and South Asia, IRNA, October 19, 1988, 55-56.
4. Quoted in Anthony H. Cordesman, Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East (London: Brassey's, 1991), 93.
5. FBIS, Tehran Abrar, AMajlis Defense Committee Member Interviewed," April 29, 1990.
7. FBIS-NES-94-043, Tehran Times, February 24, 1994.
8. FBIS-NES-95-026, IRNA, February 7, 1995.
9. FBIS, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, September 29, 1993.
10. FBIS, IRIB Television First Program Network, "Iran: Khamene'i Visit Praised in Qom Friday Prayers," October 4, 1996.
13. FBIS, Near East and South Asia, IRNA, October 19, 1988, 55-56.
14. Given Iran's open hostility to the West, including kidnapping of international diplomats, one might be surprised or skeptical at the notion that Iran expected the international community to come to its rescue. A reading of Iranian statements at the time, however, indicates that Iran was indeed surprised and disappointed. This reaction appears to have caused Iran to conclude that arms control is not a substitute for unilateral military measures, but may have also lead them to seek to use arms control as cover and concealment for prohibited programs. This latter lesson was clearly reinforced by the IAEA's failure to stop the Iraqi nuclear program.
16. Department of Defense, Office of the Secrtary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, April 1996, 15.
17. The Proliferation Threat, Nonproliferation Center, March 1995, 12.
18. FBIS, Tehran Domestic Service, "Domestically Produced Mortar Shells Sent to Fronts," interview with Moshan Rafiqdust, Minister of the IRGC.
19. "Aherence to and Compliance with Agreements," U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, May 30, 1995; transmitted to Congress, July 13, 1995, 15.
20. Cordesman, 73. Cordesman notes that the airborne spraying, cluster and napalm bomb and missile warhead technologies required to develop weapons to deliver biological weapons is now becoming available in the Third World and that: "Because small amounts of such weapons can cover large areas, they can best be delivered in bombs or warheads that scatter bomblets with one kilogram or less of agent over a wide area."
21. Anthony H. Cordesman, After the Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 57.
22. Kenneth R. Timmerman, "A History and Primer: Iran's Nuclear Menace," The New Republic, April 24, 1995, 4.
23. IRNA, "Iran Appreciates IAEA for Promoting Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy," United Nations, New York, November 2, 1995 (through Internet).
24. The Weapons Proliferation Threat, 12.
25. See, for example, FBIS-NES-93-016, Focus, "Iran Has Atom Bomb," January 25, 1993. This report states, in part, that: "By mid-December 1991, all parts for the warheads had arrived in Iran where they were taken over by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. . . . A year ago the missile warheads were stored in barracks near Tehran , where they were checked by Iranian and former Soviet specialists. They found that while all necessary parts were there, the code instructions were missing on how to prime the warheads. Tehran therefore recruited two additional Russian experts who short-circuited the safety device in the warheads."
26. Nuclear Terms Handbook, U.S. Department of Energy, 1995, 68.
27. Cordesman, After the Storm, 57.
28. The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict, 1990-1996, Blue Books Series IX, Department of Public Information (New York: United Nations).
29. Based in large part on phone interview with Dr. Kathleen Bailey of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on December 10, 1996.
30. Cordesman, Weapons of Mass Destruction, 65.
31. Cordesman, After the Storm, 56.
32. The history of the North Korean/Iranian arrangement for production of the Scud B is related in Congress, House, Statement by Joseph S. Bermudez before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights, September 14, 1993, 5-6.
33. FBIS-NES-95-128, Zurich Neue Zuercher Zeitung, "Velayati Views Stances on Embargo, Terrorism," July 4, 1995.
34. Humphry Crum Ewing, Robin Ranger, David Bosdet, and David Wiencek, Cruise Missiles, Presceision and Countermeasures, Bailrigg Memorandum 10 (Lancaster: CDISS, Lancaster University, 1995). This source supports the notion that Iran is seeking the means of integrating GPS into RPVs and missiles. Such integration, it is noted will "enable developing nations to perform a technological leap-frog."
35. Cordesman, Weapons of Mass Destruction, 65.
36. Ewing, et al., 35, which also notes that the unmodified Silkworm's payload is 513 kg; the modified Silkworm's would be 500 kg.
37. Philip Finnegan and Robert Holzer. "Iran Steps up Mine, Missile Threat," Defense News, November 27, 1995.
38. "Proliferation: Threat and Response," Office of the Secretary of Defense, April 1996, 16. The report identifies the MRBM as a goal, and later defines MRBM as a ballistic missile in the 1000-3000 kilometer range.
39. FBIS, XINHUA, August 5, 1987.
41. Cordesman, Weapons of Mass Destruction, 4: "Biological warheads can be far more lethal than chemical warheads. Botulinum toxin is about 3 million times more potent than a nerve agent like sarin."
45. FBIS, Xinhua, August 5, 1987.
47. FBIS, Tehran Domestic Service, June 20, 1989.
50. FBIS-NES-91-004, Tehran Domestic Service, January 7, 1991.
51. FBIS, AFP, January 13, 1991.
52. FBIS, Tehran Domestic Service, "Grand FAJR Military Exercises Begun 12 January," January 13, 1991(emphasis added).
53. FBIS, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, "Extensive Military Exercise Under Way in Western Iran," August 28, 1995.
55. FBIS-NES-96-74, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, "Iran: Further Details on Naval Exercise in Persian Gulf," April 13, 1996.
56. FBIS-NES-96-074, IRNA, "Naval Maneuvers Continue in Persian Gulf," April 13, 1996.
57. Philip Finnegan and Robert Holzer, "Iran Steps up Mine, Missile Threat," Defense News, November 27, 1995.
58. FBIS-NES-94-227, IRNA, "Admiral: Navy Capable of Repelling U.S. Threat," November 24, 1994.
59. FBIS-NES-95-060, IRNA, "Navy Commander: U.S. Forces' Presence in the Gulf Illegal," March 28, 1995.
60. FBIS-NES-95-237, AFP, "Navy Chief: Ready for '80-Year War' for Islands," December 10, 1995.
61. FBIS, January 26, 1991, Ettela'at, "Commentary Analyzes War Consequences," January 17, 1991, 14.
62. FBIS, Tehran Domestic Service, "Islamic Forces, Resources said 'Wasted' on Gulf War," unattributed political commentary from the "Voice of the Front" feature, January 20, 1991.
63. FBIS-NES-91-027, Ettala'at, "A Glance at the Immediate Effects of the War," January 23, 1991.
64. FBIS-NES-91-027, vol. V, no. 027, Tehran Domestic Service, "Media Commentaries Assess Gulf War: Iraqi Capability Evaluated."
65. FBIS-NES-91-027, Ettela'at, January 23, 1991.
66. FBIS, Resalat, September 24, 1995 (emphasis added).
67. FBIS-NES-96-105, IRNA, "Iran: Ayatollah Khamene'i Leads 'Ashura Mourning Ceremonies," May 28, 1996.
68. FBIS-NES-95-241, IRNA, "Daily: Navy Able to Respond to Future Threats," December 12, 1995.
69. FBIS-NES-95-231, IRNA, "Navy Reportedly Preparing 'Modern War' Plans," November 30, 1995.
70. FBIS, IRNA, "Rezai Discusses Missiles, 'Martyrdom Maneuvers," July 8, 1987.
71. FBIS-NES-95-191, "Citizens' Anger Over U.S. Plots Seen Increasing," IRNA, September 30, 1995.
72. Bruce Hardcastle, Smarter Next Time: What Iraq and Iran Have Learned From Desert Shield and Storm (Washington, DC: National War College, National Defense University, March 1995), 9 (emphasis added).
74. FBIS-NES-94-131, Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network, "Commentary on Anniversary," and "Moqtada'i Urges Investigation," July 3, 1994. Also see FBIS-NES-94-131, IRNA, "Official Shows No Respect for Rights," July 3, 1994.
75. FBIS, IRNA, "Rezai Discusses Missiles, 'Martyrdom Maneuvers," July 8, 1987.
76. FBIS-NES-95-191, "Army Chief of Staff on Combating U.S. 'Threat'," ETTELA'AT, September 24, 1995, 3.