1.   This point is well articulated and keenly underscored in Keith B. Payne, Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996).

2.    Counterforce strikes are against the enemyns military forces, as opposed to countervalue attacks which target industry, leadership, or populations.

3.  Peter Paret and Michael Howard, eds., Carl von Clausewitz: On War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 617.

4.  Ibid., 595.

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