ARMY OPERATIONS

TITLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL EVENT:

ARMY OPERATIONS

Instructor Notes

Lesson Script

CRITICAL TASK: Teach US weapons, organization, doctrine, and tactical concepts.
NOTE: Ensure students have student outline, FM 100-5, FM 101-5-1 and FM 101-5.
SLIDE 1: TASK, CONDITIONS, AND STANDARDS
SLIDE 2: SEVEN CAEs
SLIDE 3: ARMY OPERATIONS DOCTRINE

1. INTRODUCTION:
a. Lesson Tie-in: This block of instruction will familiarize you with the organization, weapons, and tactical doctrine of the US Army division and Army Operations.This foundation is required for understanding and applying the tactical intelligence fundamentals you will be taught.
b. Task: Understand US Army organization and doctrine.
c. Condition: In a classroom environment, with required references, audio visual material, and student handout.
d. Standards: Be able to define US Army doctrine and identify mission, organization, and equipment of units organic to a division. Student must be able to achieve 75% on an objective evaluation of this material.
e. Purpose: This instruction will familiarize you with the organization of the US Army and the way it fights and will provide a foundation for later instruction.
f. Procedure: This lesson is divided into 7 sub-lessons.
1. Army Operations
2. Ground Mnvr Forces
3. Fire Support
4. Cbt Spt-ADA & ENG
5. CSS
6. Aviation
7. Task Organization
The class is set up with 24 hours of Instructional Conference and 4 hours of PE. The Exam will be given following the instruction. It consists of 64 questions and 7 CAEs and will take 2 hours.
g. Risk Assessment: There are no risks involved in this block of instruction.

CAE 1: ARMY OPERATIONS
Show Videotape "FM 100-5,
Operations" 15 minutes.
BEGIN TENETS OF ARMY OPERATIONS, PRINCIPLES OF WAR, BATTLEFIELD FRAMEWORK, OFFENSE, DEFENSE, REAR OPERATIONS, PASSAGE OF LINE, RETROGRADE OPERATIONS.

SLIDE 4: MISSION OF U.S. ARMY

1. The mission of the U.S. Army is to protect and defend the Constitution of the United States of America. The Army does this by deterring war and, when deterrence fails, by achieving quick, decisive victory--on and off the battlefield--anywhere in the world and under virtually any conditions as part of a joint team.

SLIDE 5: TENETS OF ARMY OPS

2. Tenets--The Army's success on and off the battlefield depend on its ability to operate in accordance with five basic tenets:

SLIDE 6: INITIATIVE
SLIDE 7: AGILITY
SLIDE 8: DEPTH
SLIDE 9: SYNCHRONIZATION
SLIDE 10: VERSATILITY

a. Initiative - Leaders anticipate events on the battlefield so that they and their units can act and react faster than the enemy.
b. Agility - Ability of friendly forces to react faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite for seizing and holding the initiative.
c. Depth - The extension of operations in time, space, resources, and purpose.
d. Synchronization - Achieving success through coordinated efforts, by arranging activities in time and space to mass at the decisive point.
e. Versatility - Ability to meet diverse mission requirements.

SLIDE 11: PRINCIPLES OF WAR
OBJECTIVE, OFFENSIVE, MASS, ECONOMY OF FORCE,MANEUVER
SLIDE 12: PRINCIPLES OF WAR
UNITY OF COMMAND, SECURITY, SURPRISE, SIMPLICITY

3. The nine Principles of War provide general guidance for the conduct of war at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. They are the enduring bedrock of Army doctrine.
a. Objective-Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective.
b. Offensive- Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative.
c. Mass- Mass the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive place and time.
d. Economy of Force- Employ all combat power available in the most effective way possible; allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts.
e. Maneuver- Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power.
f. Unity of Command- For every objective, seek unity of command and unity of effort.
g. Security- Never permit the enemy to acquire unexpected advantage.
h.Surprise-Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared.
i. Simplicity- Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure thorough understanding.

SLIDE 13: DYNAMICS OF COMBAT POWER
SLIDE 14: SEVEN BOS
SLIDE 15: MANEUVER
SLIDE 16: FIRE SUPPORT
SLIDE 17: AIR DEFENSE
SLIDE 18: INTELLIGENCE
SLIDE 19: MOBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY
SLIDE 20: COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
SLIDE 21: COMMAND & CONTROL
SLIDE 22: JOINT OPERATIONS
SLIDE 23: COMBINED OPERATIONS
SLIDE 24: INTERDICTION
SLIDE 25: COUNTERAIR
SLIDE 26: AIR INTERDICTION
SLIDE 27: CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
SLIDE 28: FORCE PROJECTION
SLIDE 29: SURVEILLANCE & RECONNAISANCE
SLIDE 30: SPECIAL OPERATIONS
SLIDE 31: COMBINED ARMS

4. Four primary elements combine to create combat power-the ability to fight.
a. Maneuver-movement of combat forces to gain positional advantage, usually in order to deliver-or threaten delivery of-direct and indirect fires.
b. Firepower-provides destructive force;It is the amount of fire that may be delivered by a position, unit, or weapon system.
c. Protection-conserves the fighting potential of a force so that commanders can apply it at the decisive time and place, four components; OPSEC & deception, health & morale, safety, and fratricice prevention.
d. Leadership-the most essential dynamic of combat power.
5. Seven BOS- Major functional systems used to synchronize battlefield operations.
a. Maneuver-the movement of
combat elements into locations to attain positional advantage and to bring their direct and indirect fires to bear on the enemy with the greatest effectiveness. The maneuver operating system normally includes infantry, armor, and Army aviation units.
b. Fire Support-Fire support assets are positioned to mass lethal fires throughout the depth of the battlefield, to be responsive to multiple targets, and to be able to rapidly shift priority of fires. Field Artillery, mortars, Army and Air Force air support, naval gun fire, and NBC elements constitute the fire support operating system.
c. Air Defense- Air defense
assets provide early identification and destroy enemy aircraft to protect the integrity of the tactical force.
d. Intelligence- Intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) assets provide critical intelligence and facilitate effective electronic warfare against enemy command and control systems and tactical forces. Consists of MI units, EW units, and tactical recon and counterrecon assets.
e. Mobility & Survivability- Engineer assets enhance friendly mobility and survivability while encumbering mobility for the enemy (countermobility). Engineer units, FA, CAS, and NBC constitute this operating system.
f. Combat Service Support- The CSS sustains combat operations throughout the depth of the battlefield in sufficient quantity and with flexibility.
g. Command and Control- Enable the commander to obtain timely information, facilitate responsive decisions, communicate his orders, and ensure compliance. Command posts and commo units are key components. MP units are also used to control movement and to facilitate rear security.
6. Concepts and Definitions.
a. Joint Operations- The integrated military activities of two or more service components-Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps-of the U.S. Military.
b. Combined Operations- Involve the military forces of two or more nations acting together in common purpose.
c. Interdiction- Actions to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy before it can affect friendly forces.
d. Counterair- Gain control of the air environment. Protect friendly forces, ensure freedom to use the aerospace
environment to perform other air missions and tasks, and deny use of the air environment to the enemy.
e. Air Interdiction-Delay, disrupt, or destroy an enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces.
f. Close Air Support(CAS)-Support land operations by attacking hostile targets close to friendly ground forces.
g. Force Projection- The movement of military forces from CONUS or a theater in response to requirements of war or operations other than war.
h. Surveillance and Reconnaisance- Surveillance operations are effected to collect information continuously from the air, land and sea. Reconnaisance operations are directed toward specific targets.
i. Special Operations- Actions conducted by specially organized, trained, and equipped military and paramilitary forces to achieve military, diplomatic, economic, or psychological objectives by unconventional means.
j. Combined Arms-Simultaneous application of several types of elements/arms so the effect is greater then the sum of the individual parts (SYNERGY).

SLIDE 32: CENTER OF GRAVITY
SLIDE 33: ENGAGEMENT AREA
k. Center or Gravity-Place, capability, idea, or characteristic from which enemy and friendly forces derive their freedom of action, physical strength, or the will to fight.
l. Engagement Area- Area where commander plans to trap and destroy the enemy with massed fires and combat power.

SLIDE 34: DECISIVE POINT
m. Decisive Point- A point, usually geographic, which when retained, gives the commander a marked advantage.

SLIDE 35: DEFEAT MECHANISM

n. Defeat Mechanism-The singular action which ensures a course of action will succeed.

SLIDE 36: CULMINATING POINT

o. Culminating Point/ Culmination-The point in time and space when the attacker's combat power no longer exceeds that of the defender or when the defender no longer has the capability to defend successfully.

SLIDE 37: DEFEAT VS DESTROY

p. Defeat vs Destroy-Cause the enemy to lose his will to fight vs. physically render the enemy combat ineffective.

SLIDE 38: LOGISTICS
SLIDE 39: COMMANDER'S INTENT

q. Logistics- The process of planning and executing the movement and sustainment of forces in the execution of military operations. At tactical level; focuses on the traditional CSS functions of arming, fixing, fueling, manning, moving, and sustaining soldiers.
r. Commander's Intent- A clear and concise statement of what the commander wants to do. Consists of three parts; how(briefly), why(purpose), and desired endstate. Should state the defeat mechanism. Is not a recap of the concept of the operation.

SLIDE 40: DEEP OPERATIONS
SLIDE 41: CLOSE OPERATIONS
SLIDE 42: REAR OPERATIONS

7. Deep Operations-Operations designed in depth to secure advantages in later engagements, protect the current cloe fight, and defeat the enemy more rapidly by denying freedom of action and disrupting or destroying the coherence and tempo of its operations.
8. Close Operations-Offensive or defensive operations where forces are in immediate contact with the enemy.
9. Rear Operations-Operations that assist in providing freedom of action and continuity of operations, logistics, and battle command. Their primary purposes are to sustain the current close and deep fights and to posture the force for further operations.
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

SLIDE 43: PURPOSE OF THE DEFENSE 10. Purpose: To defeat the enemy and gain time.

SLIDE 44: DEEP OPS-DEFENSE

a. Deep Operations-disrupt enemy movement, destroy C2, CSS, destroy high payoff targets.

SLIDE 45: CLOSE OPS-DEFENSE b. Close Operations - warn of enemy approach, defeat enemy.

SLIDE 46: REAR OPS-DEFENSE
c. Rear Operations-Protect C2, CSS from destruction.

SLIDE 47: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEFENSE

11. Characteristics of the Defense-Preparation, Security, Disruption, Mass and Concentration, and Flexibility.

SLIDE 48: DEFENSIVE MISSIONS

SLIDE 49: DEFEND IN SECTOR
SLIDE 50: SECTORS
SLIDE 51: DEFEND IN SECTOR
(GRAPHIC)
SLIDE 52: BATTLE POSITIONS

12. Defend in Sector-Restricted terrain, can maneuver to defeat the enemy.
a. Sectors are the least restrictive measure and allow the maneuver commander the widest possible freedom in their area to maneuver as needed.
b. The only stipulation for the maneuver commander is the enemy can not cross his rear boundary.
13. Battle Position- Used to define an area for a company or smaller to defend.
a. Told exactly where to place unit to fulfill commander's plan.

SLIDE 53: DEFEND A BATTLE
POSITION (GRAPHIC) b. Battle positions are denoted by an oval with the unit size in it. Prepared positions are solid; planned positions are dashed.

SLIDE 54: STRONGPOINT
SLIDE 55: DEFEND A STRONGPOINT
14. Strongpoint - position that must be held. Engineer intensive, can not be easily overcome or bypassed.
a. Most restrictive measure.
b. Shown with an oval with

(GRAPHIC) with lines sticking out to identify a strong position.

SLIDE 56: PATTERNS OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
SLIDE 57: MOBILE DEFENSE
SLIDE 58: INTEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MOBILE DEFENSE
SLIDE 59: AREA DEFENSE

15. Mobile Defense: Primary purpose is to destroy the enemy
a. Use fire and maneuver to strike at decisive points.
b. Intel considerations - locate enemy avenue of approach, strength, and location.
16. Area Defense:

a. Primary purpose is to hold key terrain and deny it to the enemy.

SLIDE 60: INTEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE AREA DEFENSE
b. Intel Considerations - Enemy strengths and weaknesses, enemy main effort.

SLIDE 61: STRIKING FORCE VS RESERVE

17. Striking force is the commander's weapon to destroy the enemy. The reserve is used in case of local failures. The reserve is never the striking force. The reserve can not be the striking force if it is needed somewhere else. Striking force will be up to two-thirds of the total force, a reserve is usually only one-third of the total force.

THIS CONCLUDES DEFENSE, NOW WE WILL BEGIN THE OFFENSE.
SLIDE 62: PURPOSES OF THE OFFENSE
SLIDE 63: DEEP OPS - OFFENSE
SLIDE 64: CLOSE OPS - OFFENSE
SLIDE 65: REAR OPS - OFFENSE
SLIDE 66: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE
SLIDE 67: FORMS OF THE TACTICAL OFFENSE

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DEFENSE?
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
18. Main purpose of the offense is to defeat, destroy or neutralize the enemy force.
Also may be undertaken to secure decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources, to gain information, to deceive and divert the enemy, to hold the enemy in position, to disrupt his attack, and to set up the conditions for future successful operations.
a. Deep Operations-To secure advantages in later engagements and to protect the force. Disrupt enemy reserves and supply.
b. Close Operations-Soldiers close with and destroy the enemy. Main attack and all supporting attacks as required.
c. Rear Operations-Ensure freedom of action of committed and uncommitted forces and protect the means necessary to sustain combat operations and support the force.
19. Characteristics of the Offense-
a. Surprise-Striking the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which it is not physically or mentally ready.
b. Concentration-The ability to mass effects without massing large formations, and is therefore essential for achieving and exploiting success.
c. Tempo-The rate of speed of military action; controlling or altering that rate is essential for maintaining the initiative.
d. Audacity-Key component of any successful offensive action. The offensive is inherently a bold action and must be pursued with audacity.
20. Forms of the Tactical Offense include: Movement to Contact, Attack,Exploitation
and Pursuit. They flow readily
from one to another.

SLIDE 68: MOVEMENT TO CONTACT

21. Movement to Contact-On the march to develop the situation:

a. Approach March

b. Search and Attack

c. Reconnaisance in Force

d. Meeting Engagement

SLIDE 69: ATTACK
22. Attack-To defeat, destroy
or neutralize the enemy.

a. Hasty attack-Launch the hasty attack with the forces at hand and with minimum preparation to destroy the enemy before he is able either

to concentrate or to establish

a defense.

b. Deliberate Attack-Fully

synchronized operation that employs the effects of every available asset against the enemy defense.
c. Spoiling Attack-Mounted from a defensive posture to
disrupt an expected enemy attack.
d. Counterattack-Affords the
defender the opportunity to create favorable conditions for the commitment of combat
power.

e. Raid-A limited-objective attack into enemy territory for a special purpose, other

than gaining or holding ground.

f. Feint and Demonstration-
Deceive the enemy as to the true intentions of the attacker.

SLIDE 70: EXPLOITATION
23. Exploitation - Attacker extends the destruction of the defending force by maintaining offensive pressure. Denies the enemy the chance to regain control and the initiative.

SLIDE 71: PURSUIT

24. Pursuit - Action against a retreating enemy. The object is the destruction of the opposing force.

SLIDE 72: FORMS OF MANEUVER
SLIDE 73: ENVELOPMENT

25. Forms of Maneuver-
a. Envelopment-Use of maneuver and fires to put greater relative combat power against the defender and strip

SLIDE 74: TURNING MOVEMENT
SLIDE 75: INFILTRATION
him of his advantages. Find or create an assailable flank and
pit strength against enemy's
weakness.
b. Turning Movement-Use maneuver and fires to create a
decisive point where the enemy is unprepared. Attacker secures key terrain deep in the enemy's rear and along its LOCs by maneuvering around the enemy.
c. Infiltration-Covert movement of forces through enemy lines to attack positions in the enemy's rear.

SLIDE 76: PENETRATION d. Penetration-When enemy flanks are not assailable, mass sufficient combat power at the point of penetration

to overwhelm the enemy and gain the advantage, hold open the shoulder, and cripple any enemy counterattacks.

SLIDE 77: FRONTAL ATTACK
e. Frontal Attack-Striking across wide front and over the most direct approaches. May be the most costly form of

maneuver.

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT
OFFENSE OR DEFENSE?

IDENTIFY THIS SECTION AS RETROGRADE OPERATIONS.

SLIDE 78: RETROGRADE OPS 26. Retrograde Operations-A

maneuver to the rear or away

from the enemy. Purpose is to
improve the current situation
or prevent a worse situation
from occurring. Its objectives are to gain time, to preserve forces, to avoid combat under undesirable conditions, or to maneuver the enemy into an unfavorable position.

a. Delay-Trade space for time to reestablish defense, to cover a defending or withdrawing unit, to protect a unit's flank and to participate in an economy of force effort.

b. Withdrawal- Break contact with the enemy, may or may not be under pressure.

c. Retirement-Force not in contact with the enemy moves to the rear (tactical road march).

SLIDE 79: PASSAGE OF LINES d. Passage of Lines-Method used by forces to move through each other toward(forward passage of lines) or away (rearward passage of lines) from the battle.

e. Passage point-a point on the ground where units are met and led through another unit,
along passage lanes or routes.
ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT RETROGRADE OPERATIONS OR PASSAGE OF LINES?

IDENTIFY THIS SECTION AS OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (OOTW).

SLIDE 80: OOTW PRINCIPLES 27. OOTW Environment-OOTW often are of long duration

and undergo a number of shifts

in direction during their

course. Armed forces face

complex and sensitive

situations in a variety of

operations. These range from support to U.S., State, and local governments, disaster relief, nation assistance and drug interdiction to peacekeeping, support for insurgencies and counterinsurgencies, noncombatant evacuation, and peace enforcement.

28. OOTW Principles-Differ from Principles of War:
a. Objective
b. Unity of Effort
c. Legitimacy
d. Perseverance
e. Restraint
f. Security

29. Don't go into depth here, just make them aware of the variety of missions possible.

Global Contingency Division (GCD) will go into great depth on this subject matter.
a. Noncombatant Evac Ops-NEO
b. Arms Control

c. Support to Domestic Civil Disturbances

d. Humanitarian Assistance

e. Security Assistance

f. Nation Assistance
g. Spt to Counterdrug Ops
h. Combatting Terrorism

CAE 1: ARMY OPERATIONS Show Videotape "FM 100-5, Operations" 15 minutes.	BEGIN TENETS OF ARMY OPERATIONS, PRINCIPLES OF WAR, BATTLEFIELD FRAMEWORK, OFFENSE, DEFENSE, REAR OPERATIONS, PASSAGE OF LINE, RETROGRADE OPERATIONS.
SLIDE 4: MISSION OF U.S. ARMY	1. The mission of the U.S. Army is to protect and defend the Constitution of the United States of America. The Army does this by deterring war and, when deterrence fails, by achieving quick, decisive victory--on and off the battlefield--anywhere in the world and under virtually any conditions as part of a joint team.
SLIDE 5: TENETS OF ARMY OPS	2. Tenets--The Army's success on and off the battlefield depend on its ability to operate in accordance with five basic tenets:
SLIDE 6: INITIATIVE SLIDE 7: AGILITY SLIDE 8: DEPTH SLIDE 9: SYNCHRONIZATION SLIDE 10: VERSATILITY	a. Initiative - Leaders anticipate events on the battlefield so that they and their units can act and react faster than the enemy. b. Agility - Ability of friendly forces to react faster than the enemy and is a prerequisite for seizing and holding the initiative. c. Depth - The extension of operations in time, space, resources, and purpose. d. Synchronization - Achieving success through coordinated efforts, by arranging activities in time and space to mass at the decisive point. e. Versatility - Ability to meet diverse mission requirements.

SLIDE 11: PRINCIPLES OF WAR OBJECTIVE, OFFENSIVE, MASS, ECONOMY OF FORCE,MANEUVER SLIDE 12: PRINCIPLES OF WAR UNITY OF COMMAND, SECURITY, SURPRISE, SIMPLICITY	3. The nine Principles of War provide general guidance for the conduct of war at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. They are the enduring bedrock of Army doctrine. a. Objective-Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective. b. Offensive- Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. c. Mass- Mass the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive place and time. d. Economy of Force- Employ all combat power available in the most effective way possible; allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts. e. Maneuver- Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power. f. Unity of Command- For every objective, seek unity of command and unity of effort. g. Security- Never permit the enemy to acquire unexpected advantage. h.Surprise-Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared. i. Simplicity- Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure thorough understanding.
SLIDE 13: DYNAMICS OF COMBAT POWER SLIDE 14: SEVEN BOS SLIDE 15: MANEUVER SLIDE 16: FIRE SUPPORT SLIDE 17: AIR DEFENSE SLIDE 18: INTELLIGENCE SLIDE 19: MOBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY SLIDE 20: COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT SLIDE 21: COMMAND & CONTROL SLIDE 22: JOINT OPERATIONS SLIDE 23: COMBINED OPERATIONS SLIDE 24: INTERDICTION SLIDE 25: COUNTERAIR SLIDE 26: AIR INTERDICTION SLIDE 27: CLOSE AIR SUPPORT SLIDE 28: FORCE PROJECTION SLIDE 29: SURVEILLANCE & RECONNAISANCE SLIDE 30: SPECIAL OPERATIONS SLIDE 31: COMBINED ARMS	4. Four primary elements combine to create combat power-the ability to fight. a. Maneuver-movement of combat forces to gain positional advantage, usually in order to deliver-or threaten delivery of-direct and indirect fires. b. Firepower-provides destructive force;It is the amount of fire that may be delivered by a position, unit, or weapon system. c. Protection-conserves the fighting potential of a force so that commanders can apply it at the decisive time and place, four components; OPSEC & deception, health & morale, safety, and fratricice prevention. d. Leadership-the most essential dynamic of combat power. 5. Seven BOS- Major functional systems used to synchronize battlefield operations. a. Maneuver-the movement of combat elements into locations to attain positional advantage and to bring their direct and indirect fires to bear on the enemy with the greatest effectiveness. The maneuver operating system normally includes infantry, armor, and Army aviation units. b. Fire Support-Fire support assets are positioned to mass lethal fires throughout the depth of the battlefield, to be responsive to multiple targets, and to be able to rapidly shift priority of fires. Field Artillery, mortars, Army and Air Force air support, naval gun fire, and NBC elements constitute the fire support operating system. c. Air Defense- Air defense assets provide early identification and destroy enemy aircraft to protect the integrity of the tactical force. d. Intelligence- Intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) assets provide critical intelligence and facilitate effective electronic warfare against enemy command and control systems and tactical forces. Consists of MI units, EW units, and tactical recon and counterrecon assets. e. Mobility & Survivability- Engineer assets enhance friendly mobility and survivability while encumbering mobility for the enemy (countermobility). Engineer units, FA, CAS, and NBC constitute this operating system. f. Combat Service Support- The CSS sustains combat operations throughout the depth of the battlefield in sufficient quantity and with flexibility. g. Command and Control- Enable the commander to obtain timely information, facilitate responsive decisions, communicate his orders, and ensure compliance. Command posts and commo units are key components. MP units are also used to control movement and to facilitate rear security. 6. Concepts and Definitions. a. Joint Operations- The integrated military activities of two or more service components-Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps-of the U.S. Military. b. Combined Operations- Involve the military forces of two or more nations acting together in common purpose. c. Interdiction- Actions to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy before it can affect friendly forces. d. Counterair- Gain control of the air environment. Protect friendly forces, ensure freedom to use the aerospace environment to perform other air missions and tasks, and deny use of the air environment to the enemy. e. Air Interdiction-Delay, disrupt, or destroy an enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces. f. Close Air Support(CAS)-Support land operations by attacking hostile targets close to friendly ground forces. g. Force Projection- The movement of military forces from CONUS or a theater in response to requirements of war or operations other than war. h. Surveillance and Reconnaisance- Surveillance operations are effected to collect information continuously from the air, land and sea. Reconnaisance operations are directed toward specific targets. i. Special Operations- Actions conducted by specially organized, trained, and equipped military and paramilitary forces to achieve military, diplomatic, economic, or psychological objectives by unconventional means. j. Combined Arms-Simultaneous application of several types of elements/arms so the effect is greater then the sum of the individual parts (SYNERGY).

SLIDE 32: CENTER OF GRAVITY SLIDE 33: ENGAGEMENT AREA	k. Center or Gravity-Place, capability, idea, or characteristic from which enemy and friendly forces derive their freedom of action, physical strength, or the will to fight. l. Engagement Area- Area where commander plans to trap and destroy the enemy with massed fires and combat power.

SLIDE 36: CULMINATING POINT	o. Culminating Point/ Culmination-The point in time and space when the attacker's combat power no longer exceeds that of the defender or when the defender no longer has the capability to defend successfully.
SLIDE 37: DEFEAT VS DESTROY	p. Defeat vs Destroy-Cause the enemy to lose his will to fight vs. physically render the enemy combat ineffective.
SLIDE 38: LOGISTICS SLIDE 39: COMMANDER'S INTENT	q. Logistics- The process of planning and executing the movement and sustainment of forces in the execution of military operations. At tactical level; focuses on the traditional CSS functions of arming, fixing, fueling, manning, moving, and sustaining soldiers. r. Commander's Intent- A clear and concise statement of what the commander wants to do. Consists of three parts; how(briefly), why(purpose), and desired endstate. Should state the defeat mechanism. Is not a recap of the concept of the operation.
SLIDE 40: DEEP OPERATIONS SLIDE 41: CLOSE OPERATIONS SLIDE 42: REAR OPERATIONS	7. Deep Operations-Operations designed in depth to secure advantages in later engagements, protect the current cloe fight, and defeat the enemy more rapidly by denying freedom of action and disrupting or destroying the coherence and tempo of its operations. 8. Close Operations-Offensive or defensive operations where forces are in immediate contact with the enemy. 9. Rear Operations-Operations that assist in providing freedom of action and continuity of operations, logistics, and battle command. Their primary purposes are to sustain the current close and deep fights and to posture the force for further operations. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

SLIDE 43: PURPOSE OF THE DEFENSE	10. Purpose: To defeat the enemy and gain time.
SLIDE 44: DEEP OPS-DEFENSE	a. Deep Operations-disrupt enemy movement, destroy C2, CSS, destroy high payoff targets.
SLIDE 45: CLOSE OPS-DEFENSE	b. Close Operations - warn of enemy approach, defeat enemy.

SLIDE 46: REAR OPS-DEFENSE	c. Rear Operations-Protect C2, CSS from destruction.

SLIDE 47: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEFENSE	11. Characteristics of the Defense-Preparation, Security, Disruption, Mass and Concentration, and Flexibility.
SLIDE 48: DEFENSIVE MISSIONS
SLIDE 49: DEFEND IN SECTOR SLIDE 50: SECTORS SLIDE 51: DEFEND IN SECTOR (GRAPHIC) SLIDE 52: BATTLE POSITIONS	12. Defend in Sector-Restricted terrain, can maneuver to defeat the enemy. a. Sectors are the least restrictive measure and allow the maneuver commander the widest possible freedom in their area to maneuver as needed. b. The only stipulation for the maneuver commander is the enemy can not cross his rear boundary. 13. Battle Position- Used to define an area for a company or smaller to defend. a. Told exactly where to place unit to fulfill commander's plan.
SLIDE 53: DEFEND A BATTLE POSITION (GRAPHIC)	b. Battle positions are denoted by an oval with the unit size in it. Prepared positions are solid; planned positions are dashed.



SLIDE 54: STRONGPOINT SLIDE 55: DEFEND A STRONGPOINT	14. Strongpoint - position that must be held. Engineer intensive, can not be easily overcome or bypassed. a. Most restrictive measure. b. Shown with an oval with
(GRAPHIC)	with lines sticking out to identify a strong position.
SLIDE 56: PATTERNS OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS SLIDE 57: MOBILE DEFENSE SLIDE 58: INTEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE MOBILE DEFENSE SLIDE 59: AREA DEFENSE	15. Mobile Defense: Primary purpose is to destroy the enemy a. Use fire and maneuver to strike at decisive points. b. Intel considerations - locate enemy avenue of approach, strength, and location. 16. Area Defense:


SLIDE 61: STRIKING FORCE VS RESERVE	17. Striking force is the commander's weapon to destroy the enemy. The reserve is used in case of local failures. The reserve is never the striking force. The reserve can not be the striking force if it is needed somewhere else. Striking force will be up to two-thirds of the total force, a reserve is usually only one-third of the total force.


THIS CONCLUDES DEFENSE, NOW WE WILL BEGIN THE OFFENSE. SLIDE 62: PURPOSES OF THE OFFENSE SLIDE 63: DEEP OPS - OFFENSE SLIDE 64: CLOSE OPS - OFFENSE SLIDE 65: REAR OPS - OFFENSE SLIDE 66: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE SLIDE 67: FORMS OF THE TACTICAL OFFENSE	ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE DEFENSE? OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 18. Main purpose of the offense is to defeat, destroy or neutralize the enemy force. Also may be undertaken to secure decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources, to gain information, to deceive and divert the enemy, to hold the enemy in position, to disrupt his attack, and to set up the conditions for future successful operations. a. Deep Operations-To secure advantages in later engagements and to protect the force. Disrupt enemy reserves and supply. b. Close Operations-Soldiers close with and destroy the enemy. Main attack and all supporting attacks as required. c. Rear Operations-Ensure freedom of action of committed and uncommitted forces and protect the means necessary to sustain combat operations and support the force. 19. Characteristics of the Offense- a. Surprise-Striking the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which it is not physically or mentally ready. b. Concentration-The ability to mass effects without massing large formations, and is therefore essential for achieving and exploiting success. c. Tempo-The rate of speed of military action; controlling or altering that rate is essential for maintaining the initiative. d. Audacity-Key component of any successful offensive action. The offensive is inherently a bold action and must be pursued with audacity. 20. Forms of the Tactical Offense include: Movement to Contact, Attack,Exploitation and Pursuit. They flow readily from one to another.
SLIDE 68: MOVEMENT TO CONTACT	21. Movement to Contact-On the march to develop the situation:
	a. Approach March
	b. Search and Attack
	c. Reconnaisance in Force
	d. Meeting Engagement

SLIDE 69: ATTACK	22. Attack-To defeat, destroy or neutralize the enemy.
	a. Hasty attack-Launch the hasty attack with the forces at hand and with minimum preparation to destroy the enemy before he is able either
	to concentrate or to establish
	a defense.
	b. Deliberate Attack-Fully
	synchronized operation that employs the effects of every available asset against the enemy defense. c. Spoiling Attack-Mounted from a defensive posture to disrupt an expected enemy attack. d. Counterattack-Affords the defender the opportunity to create favorable conditions for the commitment of combat power.
	e. Raid-A limited-objective attack into enemy territory for a special purpose, other
	than gaining or holding ground.
	f. Feint and Demonstration- Deceive the enemy as to the true intentions of the attacker.


SLIDE 70: EXPLOITATION	23. Exploitation - Attacker extends the destruction of the defending force by maintaining offensive pressure. Denies the enemy the chance to regain control and the initiative.

SLIDE 72: FORMS OF MANEUVER SLIDE 73: ENVELOPMENT	25. Forms of Maneuver- a. Envelopment-Use of maneuver and fires to put greater relative combat power against the defender and strip
SLIDE 74: TURNING MOVEMENT SLIDE 75: INFILTRATION	him of his advantages. Find or create an assailable flank and pit strength against enemy's weakness. b. Turning Movement-Use maneuver and fires to create a decisive point where the enemy is unprepared. Attacker secures key terrain deep in the enemy's rear and along its LOCs by maneuvering around the enemy. c. Infiltration-Covert movement of forces through enemy lines to attack positions in the enemy's rear.
SLIDE 76: PENETRATION	d. Penetration-When enemy flanks are not assailable, mass sufficient combat power at the point of penetration
	to overwhelm the enemy and gain the advantage, hold open the shoulder, and cripple any enemy counterattacks.
SLIDE 77: FRONTAL ATTACK	e. Frontal Attack-Striking across wide front and over the most direct approaches. May be the most costly form of
	maneuver.

	ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT OFFENSE OR DEFENSE?

SLIDE 78: RETROGRADE OPS	26. Retrograde Operations-A
	maneuver to the rear or away
	from the enemy. Purpose is to improve the current situation or prevent a worse situation from occurring. Its objectives are to gain time, to preserve forces, to avoid combat under undesirable conditions, or to maneuver the enemy into an unfavorable position.

	e. Passage point-a point on the ground where units are met and led through another unit, along passage lanes or routes. ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT RETROGRADE OPERATIONS OR PASSAGE OF LINES?


	IDENTIFY THIS SECTION AS OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (OOTW).

SLIDE 80: OOTW PRINCIPLES	27. OOTW Environment-OOTW often are of long duration
	and undergo a number of shifts
	in direction during their
	course. Armed forces face
	complex and sensitive
	situations in a variety of
	operations. These range from support to U.S., State, and local governments, disaster relief, nation assistance and drug interdiction to peacekeeping, support for insurgencies and counterinsurgencies, noncombatant evacuation, and peace enforcement.

	Global Contingency Division (GCD) will go into great depth on this subject matter. a. Noncombatant Evac Ops-NEO b. Arms Control
	c. Support to Domestic Civil Disturbances
	d. Humanitarian Assistance
	e. Security Assistance
	f. Nation Assistance g. Spt to Counterdrug Ops h. Combatting Terrorism