AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

a The semi-major axis of the elliptical path traced by any satellite in orbit about the earth...see "Keplerian elements"

A ALFA {military phonetics alphabet}Þ amberÞ ampere(s)Þ International space object designator suffix usually reserved for "payload."

AA administrative arrangement {Thule AB}Þ affirmative actionÞ antiaircraftÞ associate administrator {NASA}Þ attack assessment

A/A air-to-air {TAB93-1}

AAA antiaircraft artillery

AAACT all-aspect adversary counter-tactics {TAB93-1}

AABCP advanced airborne command post

AAC acquisition advice code {AFSCN}Þ allied advisory committeeÞ assignment availability code {AFMPC}

AACB aeronautics and astronautics coordinating board

AACC airborne alternate command center

AADOC alternate air defense operations center {TW/AA}

AAF auxiliary airfield {ASCN}

AAFB Andersen AFB, GuamÞ Andrews AFB MD

AAFE aeroassist flight experiment...a reentry vehicle that will simulate the atmospheric flight phase of, and provide environmental and design data for, an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) returning from geosynchronous orbit

AAFES Army and Air Force Exchange Service

AAM air-to-air missile

AAMD air-to-air missile defense {TAB93-1}Þ automated air movement data {C4SMP}

AAMSS Arinc aeronautical mobile satellite service...a proposed integrated comsat system to provide air surveillance and data link comm for air traffic control and air carrier use

AAQS ambient air quality standards {EPA}

AAR after-action review {AFSPC/SP}

AAT anomaly analysis team {20 AF}

AAV advanced aerospace vehicle...obsolete, replaced by national aerospace plane (NASP)

AAW antiair warfare

ABACUS austere backup communications unmanned system {C4SMP}

abandon and replace...a satellite replacement concept in which failed satellites are replaced with spare satellites. Proliferation, the alternative, is a replacement concept in which the spare satellites are placed in orbit at the time of constellation deployment as inactive spares and activated when needed.

ABCI Advanced Business Communications, Inc...an aerospace firm taken over by Hughes

ABG air base group

ABL airborne laser

ABNCP airborne command post

ABQ Albuquerque, NM

ABR aero ballistic rocket {Lockheed}

ABREK Soviet military monkey launched on COSMOS 1514, who now resides at the Soviet Institute of Medical and Biological Problems.

ABS agile beam systemÞ air base squadron, e.g., 1012 ABS, Thule AB GLÞ ammonia boiler system

A/C air conditioningÞ aircraftÞ aircraft commander

ACAT acquisition category {NAVSPACECOM}

ACC Air Combat Command...merger of SAC, TAC, MAC elementsÞ air control centre {TW/AA}Þ area control center

ACCS AFSPC cellular communications systemÞ airborne command control squadron {AFSPC/DOM}Þ air command and control system {NATO}

ACDS Assistant Chief of Defence Staff {MOD}

ACE agile control experiment...to demonstrate line-of-sight stabilization for scalable optical structures in spaceÞ alternate command element {TW/AA}Þ attitude control electronics {DSCS}

ACEM AFSCN communications enhancement and modernization

Ace of Hearts - French echocardiograph...an improved version of the system flown by French astronauts on Salyut 7 and STS-51G. A further joint Soviet/French mission is planned.

ACES acoustic containerless experiment system...a Shuttle demonstration to obtain early microgravity tests of gas transport phenomena in a 3-axis levitation furnace

ACIG aircrew combat information guide {AFSPC/DOX}

ACINT acoustic intelligence {OPSEC}

ACM air combat maneuver(ing) {TAB93-1}Þ asbestos-containing material {ECAMP}

ACMI air combat and maneuvering instrumentation {TAB93-1}

ACN authorization change notice

ACOC air command operations center {TW/AA}Þ area communications operations center {DCA}

ACOT advanced communications-computer officer training {AFSPC/LK}

ACP alternate command post {AFSPC/DOM}

ACPS architectural compatibility paint scheme {HQ USAF/XOO}

ACS administrative communications services {CSOC}Þ afloat correlation system {NAVSPACECOM}Þ alternate command system {AFSCN}Þ attitude control system

AC2S Alaskan command and control system {C4SMP}

ACSU antenna configuration switching unit {AFSCN}

ACT ACE (attitude control electronics) command timing {DSCS}Þ acoustic charge transport...a gallium arsenide device that can be used as a hybrid signal processor. Promises greater dynamic range, linearity and bandwidth, and lower noise.Þ American college test

ACTS advanced communications technology satellite...a NASA testbed for Ka-band (30/20 GHz) time division multiple access (TDMA) communications technology. Managed by Langley Research Center, being developed by Martin's Astro Electronics.

ACV armored combat vehicle

ACWG AFSPC CSOC working group

Ada DOD's standard computer software language, named for Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), Countess of Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron and Annabella Milbanke Byron. Ms Byron worked with Charles Babbage and his "difference engine" (computer) and developed a program to compute Bernoulli numbers. She thus became known as the first computer programmer. {Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering, 1983}

ADA air defense artillery {C4SMP}

ADARS advanced defensive avionics response system {AFSPC/DO}Þ automated data analysis and reduction system {20AF}

ADC air defense center {BMEWS Site III}Þ analog-to-digital converterÞ area defense counsel {UCMJ}

ADCCP advanced data communications control procedure {TW/AA}Þ advanced digital communications control protocol

ADCCS air defense command and control system {C4SMP}

ADCOM Aerospace Defense Command...obsolete, now USSPACECOM

ADCOMS advanced communication subsystem {AFSC2S}

ADDISS advanced deployable imagery support system {NAVSPACECOM}

ADE air defense emergency {C4SMP}

ADF air defense fighter {TAB93-1}Þ automatic direction finder

ADFS automated digital facsimile subsystem {DMSP}

ADI air defense initiative {C4SMP}Þ attitude directional indicator {TAB93-1}

ADIC aerospace defense intelligence center {TW/AA}

ADIZ air defense identification zone {TW/AA}

ADL active duty list {AFMPC}

ADM acquisition decision memorandum {AFSPC/XP}Þ admiralÞ advanced development model

ADMF ARTS development and modification facility {AFSCN}

ADNET anti-drug network {C4SMP}

ADOC air defense operations center {TW/AA}

ADPS automated data processing system {CSOC}

ADS advanced decommutation system {DSCS}Þ air defense squadron {BMEWS Site III}Þ attitude determination system {Milstar}Þ automated data system {AFSC2S}

ADSF automatic directional solidification furnace...a Shuttle technology demonstration of directional solidification of magnetic materials, immiscible and IR detection materials

ADSI air defense systems integrator {AFSPC/DOX}

ADT annual daily traffic {EIS}

ADW air defense warning {TW/AA}

A&E architectural and engineering

AEA Association for European Astronauts...a professional association formed by European astronauts to represent their interests in organizing future manned space missions and to provide a forum for exchanges of information

AEAO airborne emergency action officer {STRATCOM}

AEC AFSCN executive councilÞ Atomic Energy Commission...obsolete, now Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA)

AECC automated entry control card {CCAFS}

AECS advanced entry control system

AEF Aerospace Education Foundation {Air Force Association}

AEG annotated error guide {Milstar}

AEHR automated equipment historical records {AFSCN}

AEI audio end instrument {AFSCN}

Aelita A multi-functional clinical instrument carried on Soviet space stations to record cosmonaut physiological parameters.

AEM arsenal exchange model {20AF}

AEOS advanced electro-optical sensor {TW/AA}

AERIE aerial intercept element...a Rockwell project employing a positioning missile that carries six small interceptors; has a 186 mi altitude reach

Aeros advanced earth resources observational system...a 3-axis, body-stabilized, 600 lb Earth remote-sensing satellite. Provides stereoscopic imagery using solid-state sensors without moving parts. Low (80 m) and high resolution (43 m) linear detector arrays. Sun-synchronous polar orbit at 917 km altitude and 99.1° inclination.

Aerosat aeronautical satellite...a joint U.S./European Space Agency/Canadian program (late-1960s/early-1970s) to build a satellite for aircraft applications. Terminated in the mid-1970s.

Aerosol Salyut-7 experiment to obtain data on luminescent clouds, gas composition of the atmosphere, and its optical and spectral characteristics.

Aerospatiale - Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale...a French aerospace manufacturer

AET annual ethics training {OGE}

AETC Air Education and Training Command...formerly ATC; familiarly called "Air, Etc."

AEW airborne early warning {C4SMP}

A&F accounting and financeÞ arm(ing) and fuze(ing) {20 AF}

AFA (U.S.) Air Force AcademyÞ Air Force Association

AFAMPE Air Force automated message processing exchange...an interface with the Air Force AUTODIN message network

AFAMRL Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-6573

AFATL Air Force Armament Laboratory (AFMC), Eglin AFB FL 32542-5000

AFBCMR Air Force board for correction of military records

AFC area frequency coordinatorÞ automatic frequency control {AFSCN}

AFCA Air Force commercialization agreement {AFSPC/DOP}Þ Air Force Communications Agency

AFCCB Air Force configuration control board

AFCENT Allied Forces Central Europe

AFCERT Air Force computer emergency response team {AFSPC/SC}

AFC2M2 Air Force command and control modernization methodology {AFSC2S}

AFC2S Air Force command and control system {AFSC2S}

AFCSC Air Force Cryptologic Support Center

AFDFS Air Force department fire service {BMEWS Site III}

AFDTC Air Force Development Test Center, 101 West D Ave, Suite 117, Eglin AFB FL 32542-5495

AFE American flight echocardiograph...collects data on cardiovascular changes in the Shuttle crew

AFELO Air Force Engineering Liaison Office {HULA}

AFEMS Air Force equipment management system {BMEWS Site III}

AFETR Air Force Eastern Range...obsolete, now Eastern Space and Missile Center (ESMC)

AFEWC Air Force Electronic Warfare Center

AFG Air Force group {C4SMP}

AFHRA Air Force Historical Research Agency

AFI Air Force instruction

AFIA Air Force Inspection Agency, Norton AFB CA 92409-5000

AFIC Air Force Intelligence Command...formerly Electronic Security Command, now Air Intelligence Agency

AFIS American Forces Information Service

AFISC Air Force Inspection and Safety Center

AFLC Air Force Logistics Command...obsolete, merged with AFSC in 1992 to form AFMC

AFMC Air Force Materiel Command...1992 merger of AFSC and AFLC, provides cradle-to-grave engineering support and logistics management of Air Force systems

AFMPS Air Force mission planning system {AFSPC/DOX}

AFNET Air Force integrated telecommunications network {50 LSS}

AFNORTH Allied Forces Northern Europe

AFO accounting and finance office

AFOS automation of field operations services {DMSP}

AFOSH Air Force Occupational Safety and Health

AFOTEC Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center, Kirtland AFB NM 87117-7001...independently tests systems before they are turned over to operational commands; formerly AFTEC

AFOTECP Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center pamphlet

AFPD Air Force policy directive

AFPOA Air Force Personnel Operations Agency

AFQA Air Force quality assurance

AFRAMS Air Force recoverable assembly management system {BMEWS Site III}

AFRED Air Force Readiness Command

AFRTS Armed Forces Radio and Television Services {ASCN}

AFSA Air Force Safety Agency, Norton AFB CA 92409-7001Þ Air Force Sergeants Association

AFSAA Air Force Studies and Analysis Agency

AFSATCOM - Air Force satellite communications (system)...provides channelized, low-data-rate teletype communications for emergency action message (EAM) dissemination, CINC netting, force direction (C2 of nuclear-capable forces, including bombers, missiles, submarines and theater nuclear weapons) and force report-back. Has no dedicated satellites; uses UHF transponders on host satellites.

AFSC Air Force specialty codeÞ Air Force Systems Command...obsolete, merged with AFLC in 1992 to form AFMCÞ Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk VA 23511...AFSC Pub 1, "Joint Staff Officer's Guide," publisher

AFSCF Air Force Satellite Control Facility...obsolete, now SMC/CU Det 2

AFSCN Air Force satellite control network...worldwide network of USAF ground stations and control centers that provide TT&C services to DOD satellites. The AFSCN consists of satellite operations centers, scheduling and C2 centers at Falcon AFB CO, and Onizuka AFB CA; remote tracking stations around the world; the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System network with a master control station at Falcon AFB and ground antennas and monitor stations around the world; and the DMSP control network with a multipurpose satellite operations center (MPSOC) at Offutt AFB, NE, and the Fairchild satellite operations center (FSOC) at Fairchild AFB, WA. The network is operated by the 50th Space Wing (AFSPC).

AFSCO Air Force Security Clearance Office

AFSCR Air Force Systems Command regulation...obsolete

AFSC2S AFSPC command and control system

AFSFC Air Force Space Forecast Center, Falcon AFB CO 80912-5000

- Det 2: Sagamore Hill Solar Observatory MA

- Det 3: Ramey Solar Observatory PR

- Det 4: Holloman Solar Observatory NM

- Det 5: Palehua Solar Observatory HI

- Det 8: San Vito Solar Observatory, Italy

- Det 9: Learmonth Solar Observatory, Australia

AFSIP Air Force satellite intelligence program {TW/AA}

AFSOUTH Allied Forces Southern Europe

AFSPA Air Force Security Police Agency, Kirtland AFB NM 87117-6001

AFSPACECOM - see "AFSPC"

AFSPC Air Force Space Command (formerly AFSPACECOM), Peterson AFB CO 80914-5001. "Guardians of the High Frontier." Component of USSPACECOM. Approximately 11,000 personnel. The operational advocate for USAF space activities.

AFSPCR Air Force Space Command regulation...formerly AFSPACECOMR

AFSSM Air Force systems security memorandum

AFSTC Air Force Space Technology Center (AFMC), Kirtland AFB NM 87117...formed Oct 82

AFTCO Air Force Telecommunications Certification Office, 203 W Losey St, Scott AFB IL 62225-5219

AFTMS Air Force training management system {50 CTS}

AFTRC Air Force technical reference codes {AF/SC}

AFWCCS Air Force wing command and control system {AFSC2S}

AFWTR Air Force Western Test Range (obsolete, now Western Space and Missile Center (WSMC))

A/G air-to-ground

AGA Ascension ground antenna {GPS}

AGARD Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development...NATO scientific advisory board under the authority of the NATO Military Committee

AGC automatic gain control

Agena LMSC booster operational since 1959. Agena-D operational since 1962.

AGI auxiliary general intelligence {C4SMP}Þ Intelligence collection ship.

AGL above ground level

AGMC Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (AFMC), Newark AFB OH 43057-5475

AGR Active Guard and Reserve

AHF adaptive high frequency

AI action itemÞ air intercept {TAB93-1}Þ artificial intelligence...capabilities that enable a computer to learn from experience, to be able to make logical leaps to conclusions in the absence of complte data, and to be able to make judgmental decisions

AIA Aerospace Industries AssociationÞ Air Intelligence Agency, San Antonio TX 78243-5000... formerly AFIC

AIAC Air Industries Association of Canada...represents Canadian aerospace and communications companies employing approximately 45,000 people

AIAWS automated intelligence and attack warning system {C4SMP}

AICC air intercept control common {C4SMP}

AICU advanced interface control unit {C4SMP}

AICUZ air installation compatible use zone {EPA}

AIDAA Associazione Italiana di Aeronautica e Astronautica

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIE antenna interface equipment {AFSCN}

AIGFC Ascension Island Game Fishing Club {ASCN}

AIL ARTS integration laboratory

AIM action item master {CSOC plan}Þ air intercept missileÞ airmen information manual {AFSPC/DOG}

AIMS advanced inertial measurement system {20AF}

AIO Acquisition Integration Office {ESD}

AIQ acronym intelligence quotient...pronounced "ache" {GT}

AIRS advanced inertial reference system {20AF}

AIS airborne intercept systemÞ Ascension Island Services {ASCN}Þ automated information system {50 SPS}

AIU AFSPC IDHS upgrade {TW/AA}

AIWO aerospace intelligence watch officer...of the NORAD/USSPACECOM CIW

AKA also known as {50 SPS}

ALASAT Air-launched antisatellite. U.S. ASAT program. Langley AFB VA operating location. F-15 launcher, short-range attack missile (SRAM) lower stage, Altair III solid propellant second stage (fourth stage of Scout), miniature vehicle warhead. First flight test 21 Jan 84. Destroyed P78-1 satellite 13 Sep 85. Congressional moratorium canceled this program in 1987.

albedo The ratio of the intensity of light reflected from a body to that received from the sun; important to the thermal design of spacecraft in low earth orbits.

ALCC airborne launch control center {TW/AA}

Alcoa Aluminum Company of America...developing a directional solidification alloy experiment to fly on Shuttle

ALCOR ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) Lincoln C-band observables radar...aka ARPA-Lincoln coherent radar

ALCS airborne launch control system {20 AF}

ALCSC airborne launch control system computer {20 AF}

ALE atmospheric luminosity experiment...investigates the ion chemistry of the atmosphere and Shuttle Orbiter surfaces

ALERT attack and launch early reporting to theater {TALON SHIELD}

ALFA Military phonetics alphabet call sign for the letter "A."

Alpha laser Chemical laser...see "Zenith Star"

ALS advanced laser systemÞ advanced launch system...see "HLLV"Þ airlift squadronÞ airman leadership school

ALSOH automated L-band state of health {GPS}

ALT alternateÞ altitudeÞ approach and landing test {Shuttle}Þ altitude...usually expressed in nautical miles or kilometers:

ALTAIR ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) long-range tracking and instrumentation radar...see "SSN"

ALU arithmetic and logic unit

ALW airlift wing

AMANA all Mach and no azimuth {PL/CV}

AMD Aerospace Medical Division (AFMC), Brooks AFB TX 78235-5000Þ air movement data {C4SMP}

AMEND amendment

AMF apogee motor firing {NATO IVB}

AMH automated message handler {AFSC2S}

AMIS advanced microwave imaging sensor...see "System Z"Þ air movement information system {C4SMP}

AMP air mission processor {C4SMP}Þ amplifierÞ angular measurement precisionÞ annual materiel plan {DLA}Þ authentication message processor {DMSP}

AMPTE active magnetospheric particle tracer explorer...joint US-UK-West German project to study the physical interactions (transfer of mass) from solar wind to the earth's magnetic field (magnetosphere). Consists of three satellites (Charged Compositive Explorer (CCE), Ion Release Module (IRM), United Kingdom Subsatellite (UKS)) launched 16 Aug 84 on a Delta 3924 booster from Cape Canaveral. Data from the three satellites broadcast to research centers in Pasadena CA; Oberpfaffenhofen, West Germany; and Chelton, England.

AMR acquisition management review...AF/IG term formerly called SAMI

AMRAAM advanced medium-range air-to-air missile {TAB93-1}

AMROC American Rocket Company, 5126 Ralston St, Ventura CA 93003

AMS advanced mapping spectrometerÞ African Mediterranean System...Israeli domestic telecommunications systemÞ apogee and maneuvering stage...proposed liquid bipropellant upper stage for use with transfer orbit stage (TOS) for geosynchronous orbit insertion (1130 lb payload capability) or other high-altitude missions; compatible with Shuttle, Titan and Atlas

AMSC advanced military spaceflight capability...to provide manned operations in transatmospheric and low Earth orbitsÞ American Satellite Company {Contel ASC}

AMSSA assured mission support space architecture...Feb 91 USSPACECOM study

AMWC alternate MWC (missile warning center) {C4SMP}

AN Army/Navy

- AN/FPQ-6 is a high-accuracy monopulse tracking radar capable of radiating 4.0 megawatts of RF power in a 0.4° beam

- AN/FPS 16-1, 16-2 are C-band monopulse tracking radars capable of radiating one megawatt of RF power in a 1.2° beam

- AN/FPS 16-4 is a metric improved precision instrumentation radar

- AN/MPS-36 is a monopulse tracking radar capable of radiating up to one megawatt of RF power in a 1.0° beam

- AN/TPQ-18 is a high-accuracy monopulse tracking radar capable of radiating up to 2.5 megawatts of RF power in a 0.4° beam

A/N alphanumeric {DMSP}

AND active nutation damping {NATO IVB}

Andean Andean consortium direct broadcast satellite

ANDVT advanced narrowband digital voice terminal {MJCS-36-89}

ANGB Air National Guard Base, e.g., Buckley ANGB CO

Anik Commercial Canadian comsat ("Anik" means "little brother")...PAM-D upper stage, HS-376 bus, Anik-C Ku-band, Anik-D C-band; first launch May 1975

Anikast Telesat transportable TV earth station designed to establish a satellite link within 20 minutes after a broadcast crew arrives at a site; uses Ku-band Anik-C satellites.

ANL Argonne National Laboratory, Lakewood CO {ECAMP}

ANMM AFSPC national mission model {AFSPC/DOP}

anomaly Satellite anomalies are tracked within 50 SW by "Class" and reported to AFSPC by "Type":

- Class I: A routine spacecraft problem that is well understood and easily corrected; no mission impacts; includes "glitches."

- Class II: A non-routine spacecraft problem that has been anticipated or previously experienced. Contingency pass plans created and approved for use with Class II anomalies should return the satellite to a nominal operating configuration. If a nominal configuration does not result, the anomaly is upgraded to Class III.

- Class III: A non-routine spacecraft problem not anticipated with a contingency plan. These anomalies are not necessarily understood and are not common. In most cases Class III anomalies will threaten either the safety of the satellite or its mission.

- Type 1: No mission or satellite bus impact; includes "glitches" and anticipated seasonal abnormalities. Operational crews have existing procedures to correct Type 1 anomalies. Type 1 anomalies are normally not reported unless the on-duty flight commander deems it necessary.

- Type 2: Impacts satellite bus only, normally results in swapping a satellite component, reconfiguring the satellite, or using non-standard procedures to correct the problem.

- Type 3: Critical anomalies that impact mission or the life of the satellite and require immediate action to avoid serious damage to the satellite's health or its ability to perform its mission.

ANR Alaskan NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) region

ANS atmospheric Netherlands satellite...designed to study the sky in ultraviolet and X-ray from above the atmosphere

ANSSC alternate NORAD space surveillance center {NAVSPACECOM}

Antares Direct-broadcast satellite developed by Antares Satellite Corporation, Denver CO.

Antigone An advanced technology research program for the development of a laser-guided electron beam weapon loitering at ionospheric altitudes (80-600 km) and able to intercept and destroy ICBMs at ranges of more than 1000 miles.

ANWC alternate national warning center {C4SMP}

A/O as of, e.g., A/O 15 May 93

AOA abort-once-around {Shuttle}Þ airborne optical adjunct...part of Army non-nuclear ground-based BMD program (see "ERIS" and "HEDS"). Airborne optical sensors used with ground-based radars to track ballistic missiles while they are still above the atmosphere. Testing involves an 86 ft-long cupola atop a Boeing 767.Þ angle of attack

AOC air officer commanding {USAFA}Þ assistant operations controller {AFSCN}

AOCS attitude and orbital control subsystem {NATO IVB}Þ autonomous onboard command system {14AF}

AOF airfield operations flight {AFSPC/DOG}

AOO area of operations {C4SMP}

AOS acquisition of signal {NASA}

AOSP advanced onboard signal processor

AOTV aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle

AP air publication {BMEWS Site III}Þ ammonium perchlorateÞ Area Pacific, e.g., APO APÞ array processorÞ Associated PressÞ avionics package

APAT advanced portable analysis tool {DSP}

APB acquisition program baseline...AFLC equivalent of AFSC's PMDÞ all points bulletin

APC armored personnel carrierÞ automatic power controller {GPS}Þ average propensity to consume {ERIS}

APCC alternate processing and correlation center {TW/AA}

APCD air pollution control district {EPA}

APDP acquisition professional development program...the knife in Von Karman's back

APE aurora photography experiment...Shuttle experiment to understand the geographic extent and dynamics of the aurora

APEC Asian-Pacific Economic Coalition {GT}

APF appropriated funds

aphelion The furthest point from the sun in a solar orbit.

API application programming interface {AFSC2S}

APL Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins UniversityÞ automated position locator...Sandia system using Transit to update dead reckoning navigation based on magnetometer and odometer data

APM acquisition program managerÞ antenna pointing mechanism...a device that gives a spacecraft antenna a finer degree of pointing control than that offered by the body of the spacecraft itself

apoapsis The point in an orbit furthest from the center of the gravitational attraction.

APOD aerial port of debarkation {BMEWS Site III}

Apollo program - The first program to land men on the moon (20 Jul 69: Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins).

APP application portability profile

Apple Indian test comsat built by ISAC for ISRO. Ariane launch 19 Jun 81.

APS airborne pointing systemÞ antenna positioning subsystem {DMSP}Þ array processor systemÞ automatic phasing systemÞ auxiliary propulsion subsystem {Milstar}

APT acquisition, pointing and trackingÞ application productivity tool {AFSC2S}Þ automatic picture transmission {DMSP}

APVO Soviet Aviation of Air Defense

AQAE area quality assurance evaluator

AQAP air quality attainment plan {EPA}

AQCR air quality control region {EPA}

AQMP air quality management plan {EPA}

Arabsat Medium-sized multimission C/S-band comsat for ASCO. Solid apogee rocket and 12 thrusters for orbit control. Used for telecommunications relay by the Arab League nations. Encrypted primary ground control transmissions from Dihrab, near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Secondary ground control in Tunis.

- Arabsat-1A was launched 8 Feb 85 on an Ariane 3 to a 19°E longitude position. 25-5/6 GHz, 1-4/2.5 GHz transponders. Experienced multiple gyro failures.

- Arabsat-1B was launched Jun 85 on STS 51-G to a 26°E longitude position. 25-4/6 GHz, 1-4/2.5 GHz transponders.

ARAT AFSCN ranking assessment tool...used in the APWG deficiency ranking process

ARC advanced research centerÞ aggregation of red cells...Shuttle study of red cells and blood viscosity under low-G conditionsÞ air reserve component {AFSPC/DP}Þ alcohol rehabilitation center {AFSPC/DP}Þ American Red CrossÞ Ames Research Center {NASA}Þ acquisition/report back/crosslink processor {Milstar}

ARDC Air Research and Development Command...AFSC predecessor

ARE alert readiness exercise {20 AF}Þ analog ranging equipment...works with the DRE (digital ranging equipment) to measure the slant range to a satelliteÞ atmospheric research equipment

AREFW air refueling wing

ArF argon fluoride

ARF aquatic research facility {NASA}Þ ASTRO report form {22 SOPS}

Argensat Argentine communications satellite

Argos Joint NASA/NOAA/CNES satellite-based location and data collection and relay system. Uses repeater equipment carried by Tiros-N.

ARGS advanced RADEC ground system {DSP}

argument of perigee - The angular measurement made from the ascending node, in the direction of satellite travel, to the point of perigee on the orbital path. This orients the orbit within the orbital plane.

ARI Airpower Research Institute (CADRE), Maxwell AFB AL

Ariane Family of French launch vehicles launched from French Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana. Aerospatiale rocket, first launch 24 Dec 79. First follow-on Ariane 3 launched 4 Aug 84. Second launch pad operational 1985. First Ariane 4 launch (15 Jun 88) carried Meteosat P2, Pan American Satellite-1 (PAS-1) and Amsat 3C stacked on a Spelda using an AR 44L. Ariane 5 (IOC 1996; 6,800 kg to GTO) is a follow-on to Ariane 4. Ariane 4 series:

- AR 44P: four solid strap-ons (3,000 kg to GTO)

- AR 42L: two liquid strap-ons (3,200 kg to GTO)

Arianespace SA - Evry, France, firm that took over Ariane operations from European Space Agency (ESA) May 84 (launch of Ariane 9).

Arinc Aeronautical Radio, Inc...jointly owned by U.S. air carriers. Provides air-ground voice communications and data link services. Studying future use of integrated communication satellite system.

ARR alert readiness rate {20 AF}

ARS Alaskan radar system {TW/AA}Þ ALTAIR recording systemÞ associate reserve squadron {7 SOPS}Þ attitude reference system

ARSA airport radar service area {AFSPC/DOG}

Arsene French amateur spacecraft

ARSPACE Army Space Command...component of USSPACECOM and operational advocate for U.S. Army space activities

ARSPOC (U.S.) Army Space Command operations center {TW/AA}

ART air reserve technicianÞ alarm response team {50 SPS}Þ alert readiness test {20 AF}Þ amateur radio transceiver...establishes communications between Shuttle radio operator and operator on the ground

ARTCC air route traffic control center {FAA}

ARTIS automatic terminal information system {AFSPC/DOG}

ARTS automated remote tracking station...two-part acquisition program to cut operating costs and manpower requirements for remote tracking stations (RTSs) worldwide

ARU acknowledge receipt and understanding {AFSPOC}Þ associate reserve unit {1 SOPS}Þ attitude reference unit

A/S air-to-surface {TAB93-1}

AS3 advanced safety sensor suite {14 AF}

ASA Army Space Agency...activated Aug 86, replaced by Army Space Command Apr 88Þ Austrian Space Agency...coordinates national space program under aegis of Federal Ministry for Science and Research

ASALM advanced strategic air-launched missile {NAVSPACECOM}

ASAP aerospace safety automation programÞ Ariane structure for auxiliary payloadsÞ as soon as possible

ASAR advanced synthetic aperture radar

ASC advanced satellite control {AFSCN}Þ Aeronautical Systems CenterÞ allied support completionÞ allowance source code {AFSCN}Þ American Satellite Company {Contel ASC}...provides commercial communications via satellite to CONUS, Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico; operates in C and Ku bandsÞ area surveillance centerÞ AUTODIN switching center

- ASC-1 launched 27 Aug 85 on STS-5lI, used a PAM upper stage to 128°W longitude; C/Ku-band, first commercial comsat to use encrypted command links

- ASC-2 launched Dec 88 to 81°W longitude

ASCAS automated security clearance approval system {50 SPS}

ascending node - The point on the equatorial plane where an earth-orbiting body passes from south latitude to north latitude. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

ASCM antiship cruise missile

ASCN Ascension Island...GPS site maintained by 45 SW (CSR's "Center Technical Service Contract")

ASCNG Ascension Island ground antenna {GPS}

ASCO Arab Satellite Communication Organization...two-nation organization headquartered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Arabsat sponsor

ASCS advanced satellite control segment {NAVSPACECOM}

ASD Aeronautical Systems Division (AFMC), Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433Þ assistant secretary of defense {DOD}

ASDPC advanced satellite data processing and control {CSOC}

ASDS air situation display system {C4SMP}

ASE airborne support equipment...reusable electronics mounted on a payload cradle, provides an interface to the ShuttleÞ allowable steering error {TAB93-1}

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASETA Andean State Telecommunications Enterprises Association...providers of telecommunications services for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela; Condor sponsor

ASF activation support facility {CSOC}Þ auxiliary storage facility...obsolete, now TDC

ASM air-to-surface missileÞ anti-ship missile {NAVSPACECOM}

ASMC American Society of Military Comptrollers

ASO air surveillance officerÞ Australian Space Office...executive body for space industry policy and programs execution

ASOC air support operations center {C4SMP}Þ MMC Satellite Operations Center, East Windsor NJ

ASP acquisition strategy panel {AFSPC/PK}Þ AFSCN scheduling programÞ airborne surveillance platformÞ altitude sensor package...reimbursable Hitchhiker-G Shuttle payload

ASPADOC alternate SPADOC (Space Defense Operations Center)...at NAVSPASUR, Dahlgren VA

ASPS annular suspension and pointing system

ASR acquisition strategy report {AFSPC/XP}Þ activation status review {CSOC}Þ airport surveillance radar {AFSPC/DOG}Þ AMOS spectral radiometer {NAVSPACECOM}Þ automatic send/receive {AFSCN}Þ automatic speech recognition

ASRM abort solid rocket motor {Shuttle}Þ advanced solid rocket motor...proposed Shuttle SRM upgrade, LMSC the prime contractor, Aerojet's ASRM Division the subcontractor

ASSC alternate SSC (Space Surveillance Center)...at NAVSPASUR, Dahlgren VA

AST above-ground storage tank {ECAMP}Þ airborne sensor testbed

ASTAC aerospace technology applications {AFSPC/DOX}

ASTEX automated storage expert...IBM-proprietary MCC DASD software being incorporated in ECP 5126

ASTM American Society for Testing and Material

ASTP advanced satellite technology program {NAVSPACECOM}Þ Apollo/Soyuz Test Project

ASTRA-1 Mass-spectrometer instrument on Salyut-7.

ASTRO (U.S.) Army space technology research office {ARSPACE}Þ astronomy...program to obtain ultraviolet data on astronomical objects using an ultraviolet telescope. ASTRO 1 was launched Nov 89 on Shuttle. ASTRO 2 (ASTRO SPAS) was a free-flyer launched and retrieved by Shuttle.Þ automatic scheduling tools for range operations...Paramax scheduling software replacing BASCH

ASTRON CIS flying observatory.

Astros advanced star/target reference optical sensor

Astrotech Astrotech Space Operations Co...first U.S. commercial satellite processing facility, opened Apr 84

ASTS advanced surveillance and tracking system {NAVSPACECOM}

ASTT airborne surveillance and tracking technology {NAVSPACECOM}

ASUW antisurface warfare

ASWOC antisubmarine warfare operations center {C4SMP}

ASYS annunciator subsystem {CSOC SCS}

AT Appalachian Trail {BOSS}

ATB air target board {C4SMP}

ATCALS advanced traffic control and landing systems

ATDL advanced tactical data link {C4SMP}Þ autotune decision level {GPS}

ATDS airborne tactical data system {C4SMP}

ATG aerospace test group, e.g., 6595 ATG

ATH above the horizon {TW/AA}Þ autonomous terminal homing

Athos French experimental comsat to test 30/20 GHz comm payloads for future spacecraft, and to study EHF propagation effects. Derivative of Eurostar broadcast spacecraft.

Atlas General Dynamics-Convair launch vehicle. Launches DMSP and COMSATs. Atlas-E is a refurbished Atlas ICBM with radio guidance and liquid rocket engines. Atlas-G/Centaur can put 5200 lb into GTO. Atlas II (for DSCS) is a growth version of Atlas Centaur, capable of 5900 lbs to GTO.

ATLAS atmospheric laboratory for applications and science...measures long-term variability in the total energy radiated by the sun and determines the variability in the solar spectrum. ATLAS-1 through ATLAS-5 launched 1989-1992 on Shuttle.

ATM antitactical missileÞ Apollo telescope mountÞ architecture trade modelÞ asynchronous transfer modeÞ automated teller machine

ATMOS atmospheric trace molecules spectroscopy...JPL-sponsored STS-51B instrument that recorded atmospheric constituents in great detail by observing the atmosphere through about 250,000 spectral lines

atmospheric drag - A satellite below 600 NM experiences atmospheric drag that causes the orbit to decay.

ATN advanced Tiros-N...new instruments include a solar backscatter UV radiometerÞ astro-geophysical teletype network

ATO abort-to-orbit...preplanned Shuttle abort mode used when a single engine shutdown occurs at a point where the vehicle has attained sufficient altitude and velocity to allow the remaining two engines to propel the Shuttle into an orbit from which the flight can continueÞ air tasking order

ATOMS administrative telephone operations and maintenance...Falcon AFB telephone contract

ATP acceptance test procedure {NASA}Þ acceptance test programÞ acquisition, tracking and pointingÞ advanced technology panel {NAVSPACECOM}Þ advanced tracking prototype {AFSPC/DOX}Þ authority to proceed

ATS acquisition track sensorÞ advanced technology satellite {NASA}Þ advanced telemetry system {CSOC}Þ advanced tracking system {C4SMP}Þ applications technology satellite...R&D geostationary weather satellite and communications test bed; evolved to GOESÞ axial thrust system

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry {Public Health Service}

ATTU Atlantic-to-the-Urals (region)

AU Air University, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-5000Þ assessable unit {AFR 15-1}Þ astronomical unit...a measure of distance (1 AU = 92,790 miles)

AUI attachment unit interface {AFSC2S}

AUM AA (attack assessment) update module

Aurora RCA comsat launched 27 Oct 82. SATCOM V sold to ALASCOM and renamed AURORA I.

aurora borealis - A luminous phenomenon that occurs in the northern hemisphere and consists of streamers or arches of light. Caused by emission of light from atoms excited by electrons accelerated along the earth's magnetic field lines. Similar phenomenon in the southern hemisphere is called aurora australis.

AUSSAT Australian Satellite Company...comsat using an HS-376 bus, provides 15 14/12 MHz channels to service continental Australia and off-shore territories

AUTONAV autonomous navigation

A/V audio and video {C4SMP}

AVE aerospace vehicle equipment {20 AF}

AVHF adaptive VHF (very high frequency)

AVHRR advanced very high resolution radiometer...DMSP and Tiros-N sensor

AvSat aviation satellite (system)

AVSM audio/video switch matrix {C4SMP}

AW air warfare {C4SMP}

AWA awaiting analysis

AW/AA attack warning/attack assessment {TW/AA}

AWDS advanced weather distribution system {DMSP}Þ automated weather distribution system {C4SMP}

AWN automated weather network {AFSPC/DOG}

AWO attack warning officer

AWS advanced warning systemÞ Air Weather ServiceÞ alternative work schedule

AXAF advanced X-ray astrophysics facility...space-based telescope that will make high-resolution images of X-ray sources in deep space; Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) replacement for high energy astronomy observatory (HEAO)

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

B billion(s)_ International space object designator normally assigned as suffix for "rocket body." Multiple payloads are catalogued before rocket body, platform and debris._ BRAVO {military phonetics alphabet}

BA British Aerospace Corp...see "BADG"_ budget authority...obligation of funds for immediate and future disbursement, associated with the year the authority takes effect

BAe British Aerospace {NATO IVB}

Baker-Nunn - Deep-space optical tracking system developed in the late 1950s by Dr. Howard Baker and Mr. Joseph Nunn. Three-ton camera's optical sensor can photograph a star 200 times fainter than is visible to the naked eye. Ten sites originally, none operational today.

BAQ basic allowance for quarters

BAS basic allowance for subsistence

baud (rate) Transmission rate of a communications channel or device, usually bits per second. {Computer Glossary, 1983}

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation {ASCN}

BBS battery backup system {CSOC SCS}

BBXT broad band X-ray telescope...a Shuttle pallet telescope that uses a two-axis pointing system

BCAS base contracting automated system {AFSPC/PK}

BCC base communications center_ block check character_ boost converter current {GPS}

Bcf billion cubic feet {EIS}

BCF backup communications facility...Dahlgren VA

BCM baseline correlation matrix {CSOC}

BCO base communications officer {50 MS}_ base contracting officer_ broad concept of operations

BCSi Computer simulation company spun off from Logicon in 1993. The name is from a frequency histogram of the initials of the founders. 102 S Tejon #400, Colorado Springs CO 80903.

BDA Bermuda_ battle damage assessment_ bomb damage assessment

BDD burst detector dosimeter {NDS}

BDM bomber defense missile_ Braddock, Dunn and McDonald International, Inc., 3005 Center Green Drive, Boulder CO 80301

BDP burst detection processor {NDS}

BDX burst detector X-ray {NDS}

BDY burst detector optical {NDS}

BE basic encyclopedia (targets)_ brilliant eyes...BMDO space-based post-boost vehicle and midcourse surveillance, tracking, and discrimination element

BEAR beam experiment aboard rocket {NAVSPACECOM}

BEC bulk encrypted communications

BEE bioenvironmental engineering

BEP bit error probability_ break-even point

BES bioenvironmental engineering services_ boost engine start_ budget estimate submission...Service input to OSD revising the Service's Program Objectives Memorandum (POM) per Program Decision Memorandum (PDM) decisions

BET best estimate of trajectory {NASA}

beta (ß) ballistic coefficient...a parameter that describes the behavior of a body reentering the atmosphere from space. The ratio of vehicle weight (W) to a factor describing the degree of streamlining (CD, the coefficient of drag) and the effective frontal area (A) of the vehicle, i.e., ß = W/(CD/A).

BFEC Bendix Field Engineering Corp...AFSCN depot support contractor

BFO backhaul follow-on_ blinding flash of the obvious {ACC QAF}

BFS backup flight system {Shuttle}

Bhaskara Indian remote sensing satellite

BIDDS base integrated digital distribution system...50 SW telephone switch contract with NTI

Big Communicator - Family of comsats designed to operate in clusters to provide more adequate coverage over continental areas.

BIND Berkeley internet name domain {AFSC2S}

biochip Microminiaturized electronic circuitry using biological phenomena to condense electronics up to three orders of magnitude beyond what is predicted for VHSIC technology. The objective is to apply the circuitry densities and 3-dimensional logic function inherent in living organisms.

Biogravistat - Equipment used on Salyut-7 to grow plants under conditions of simulated gravity.

biotech biotechnology...the integration of biology in technical and engineering applications

bipolar A type of (epitaxial) semiconductor device architecture.

BIR ballistic inflight reliability {20 AF}

bit binary digit...one of the two numbers (0 and 1) used to store computer data {Sandia}

BIT built-in test

BITE built-in test equipment

B/L baseline

Black Sea 85 - Intercosmos-sponsored experiment jointly conducted on Salyut-7, ships, and aircraft to determine the size of the mineral and biological resources of the Black Sea area. Scientists from the CIS, Bulgaria, Poland and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) participated.

blackout A severe absorption of RF signals near a nuclear fireball.

BLOS beyond line of sight {TW/AA}

BLSS base level self-sufficiency spares

BMAR backlog of Air Force maintenance and repair {AFSPC/CE}

BM/C3 battle management and command, control and communications...SDI architecture component

BMDE ballistic missile defense enhancement

BMDO ballistic missile defense organization...formerly SDIO

BMDSCOM - U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Defense Systems Command...now U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command

BMEWS ballistic missile early warning system...provides tactical warning of ballistic missile attacks; also part of the SPACETRACK system (see "SSN"). Three components:

- A two-faced phased array radar at Thule AB, Greenland

- Three detection radars and one tracking radar at Clear AFS AK

- A three-faced phased array radar at RAF Fylingdales, UK

BMI bismaleimide...a heat-resistant composite material showing greater strength at temperatures between 259_F and 450_F than titanium or carbon-epoxy composite materials

BMS balanced magnetic switch {CSOC SCS}

BMT ballistic missile technology {Phillips Lab}_ ballistic missile threat_ beam management terminal {Milstar}

BO burnout

BOD beginning of orbit determination_ beneficial occupancy date_ biochemical oxygen demand {ECAMP}

BOM backup operations manual {50 OPG}_ bill of materials

BOS base operating support

BOSS AFSCN call sign for New Hampshire Tracking Station (NHS). The largest of nine RTSs in the AFSCN, BOSS (2826 acres, 43_N latitude, 72_W longitude) is at New Boston Air Station, 54 miles north of Boston, near Manchester NH. BOSS's 60' high-power uplink antenna ("NHS-A"), installed in 1961, is the oldest antenna in the network and uses a converted hydraulic drive system. NHS-A height (at zenith) is 81 feet, antenna pedestal height 49 feet, antenna weight approximately 110 tons on the azimuth bearing, slew rate 8_/sec minimum, acceleration 2_/sec2; ARTS II turnover Feb 93. The radome on BOSS's 46' antenna ("NHS-B") was installed in 1970; ARTS II turnover with DMSPE ("Site 56" SCU and communications hardware provide interconnectivity between DMSPE and the DMSP network) May 91. BOSS's 10m DLT antenna ("NHS-C") is used for M2P1 communications. The DLT radome, operational in 1988, has a 53-ft diameter and is designed to withstand 134 mph winds. BOSS's SATCOM AN/FSC-78 heavy terminal has been operational since Sep 77 (the Defense Communications Subsystem (DCSS) was installed Sep 80). The SATCOM radome (93-ft diameter) can withstand 150-mph winds. On-site DSCS antenna maintenance conducted by 23 SOPS. Local standard time is Z-5 hours.

BOT beginning of tape {AFSCN}

BOTACHA bombs on target and come home alive {USCINCSPACE}

BP bandpass_ brilliant pebbles...a distributed, highly autonomous, space-based interceptor and sensor system {BMDO}

BPIE base procured investment equipment {AFSPC/LG}

BPL boost-phase leakage {BMDO}

BR boost reliability {20 AF}_ bridgewire resistance

BRAC base realignment and closure

Brazilsat Brazilian comsat, also called SBTS (Sistema Brasileiro de Telecommunicacoes por Satelite). 24-channel modified C-band spacecraft using an HS-376 bus. Weighs 670 kg. TT&C station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

- Brazilsat-1 launched 8 Feb 85 on Ariane 3

- Brazilsat-2 launched 28 Mar 86 on Ariane 3

BRE blood rheology experiment...Shuttle technology demonstration of aggregation of red cells (ARC) apparatus

BRG budget review group {SAF/FM}

BS battle staff...oxymoron_ battle station_ Japanese direct TV broadcast satellite (also called "Yuri," which means "lily"). Launched from Tanegashima by NASDA.

- BS-E launched 7 Apr 78 on Delta 2914; experimental, failed in 27 months

- BS-2A launched 23 Jan 84 on N-2; transmission ceased 1 Aug 85 apparently due to a telemetry command system failure

- BS-2B launched 12 Feb 86 on N-2; backup

- BS-3A launched 1990 on H-1A

- BS-3B launched 1990 on H-1A

BSD Berkeley software distribution {AFSC2S}

BSL basic system list {AFSCN}

BS/L bulk storage/loader {AFSPC/DOM}

BSPP backup support pass plan {50 OPG}

BSS briefing support system {AFSC2S}

BSSC battle staff support center {AFI10-1208}

BSTS boost surveillance and tracking system...a system to detect missiles during their boost phase

BSVS backup secure voice system {AFSCN}

BT British Telecom {BMEWS Site III}

BTC black tech control {NORAD}_ block transfer controller

BTDC before top dead center

B-term Part of a NORAD element set used to compute satellite drag. {SPACETRACK Rpt #3, Dec 80}

BTH below the horizon {C4SMP}_ beyond the horizon {TW/AA}

BTI British Telecom International...UK agency providing terrestrial circuits from the Intelsat gateway earth stations to Federal Express courier affiliates...see "FedNet"

BTR booth through-put rate {CSOC SCS}

BUF backup facility

BUMCS backup master control station...Gaithersburg MD emergency GPS backup mission support facility

bus A satellite's "bus" usually includes everything on the satellite except the mission payload itself. The bus normally includes the structural frame as well as the subsystems responsible for housekeeping functions such as TT&C, communications, system status monitoring, position keeping, attitude control, thermal control and electric power.

BVF buffer number {20 AF}

BVR beyond visual range {TAB93-1}

BWS base weather station {AFSPC/DOG}

byte A group of bits (usually eight) used to encode a single letter, number or symbol. {Sandia}

BZ BRAVO ZULU...Navy term for "good job"

c circa...Latin, "about"_ the speed of light...3x108 m/sec_ linear eccentricity...the distance between the two foci of the elliptical path traced by a satellite in orbit about earth is 2c; see "e"

C Celsius...C = (5/9)(F-32); see "K"_ CHARLIE {military phonetics alphabet}_ cold_ confidential_ contract, e.g., 704701-91-C-0108_ Normal international space object designator suffix for "platform."

C4I command, control, communications, computers and intelligence

CAAS contracted advisor and assistance services...those services acquired by the Department of Defense from nongovernmental sources to support or improve agency/policy development on decision making, or to support or improve the management of organizations on the operation of weapon system, equipment, and components

CAATS Canadian automated air traffic system {C4SMP}

CA/CRL custodian authorization/custody receipt listing {BMEWS Site III}

CACS command and control squadron, e.g., 1 CACS

CADRE Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education, Maxwell AFB AL

CAI computer-aided instruction {50 CTS}

CAL calibration

CALS computer-aided acquisition and logistics system_ continuous acquisition and life-cycle support {USSPACECOM/J6N}

CANR Canadian NORAD region {TW/AA}

CANUS Canada-United States

CAP civil air patrol_ combat air patrol_ contractor-acquired property {50 CTS}_ crew activity plan...schedule of Shuttle crew activities

CAPCOM capsule communicator {NASA}

CAPEG Cape Canaveral ground antenna {GPS}

CAPEM Cape Canaveral monitor station...proposed GPS monitor station

CAPOE civilian aerial port of entry {BMEWS Site III}

CAPT captain

CAR command assessment review_ contract action request {NSP contract}_ correct acceptance rate {CSOC SCS}_ customer account representative {AFSCN}

CARD cost analysis and requirements document {USSPACECOM/J6N}

CARDA continental United States airborne reconnaissance for damage assessment {NORAD}

CARS contractors automatic resupply system {BMEWS Site III}

CART control and alert reporting terminal {NAVSPACECOM}

CAS close air support_ collision avoidance system_ contract administration services_ cost accounting standard_ crisis action system_ critical actions system {AFSCN}

CASE common automated system execution_ computer-aided software engineering_ computer-aided system engineering

Cassini Proposed NASA mission to land a probe on Titan, one of Saturn's moons...slated for 15 Mar 95 out of Eastern Range on Titan IV/Centaur for a Jan 2002 landing

Castor-4 Thiokol-developed solid rocket motor used on Delta.

CAT Capsule Ariane Technologies...data capsule used as payload in Ariane test flights_ category_ cluster assignment threshold_ computer adaptive testing_ computerized axial tomography, e.g., CAT scan_ crisis action team

CATC computer assist to tech control {AFSC2S}

CATCODE category code {CFA}

CATEX categorical exclusion {ECAMP}

CBC combined BMEWS conference

CBN correlated bivariate normal {20 AF}

CBRN Caribbean Basin radar network {TW/AA}

CBT combat_ computer-based training {50 CTS}_ CSP (communications support processor) backside terminal

CBWG combined BMEWS working group

CC cause category {AFSCN}_ command and control_ command center {C4SMP}_ commander_ computer controller {AFSCN}_ cost center...budget term

CCA circuit card assembly {COBRADANE}_ combat capability assessment {20 AF}

CCAF Community College of the Air Force

CCAS Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida...formerly CCAFS

CCC central computer complex_ communications control complex {AFSCN}_ (USSPACECOM/NORAD) consolidated command center {AFI10-1208}_ contract category code

CCC-F communications control complex-Falcon (AFB)

CCF first sergeant

CCFF Cape Canaveral forecast facility

CCH crew chief {50 SW}

CCIRC CONUS (continental U.S.) cable installation and removal contract...Griffiss AFB telephone cable contract

CCITT consultative committee International Telegraph and Telephone {AFSC2S}

CCMF consolidated collection management facility {C4SMP}

CCO circuit control office {AFSCN}

CCOMS correlation center output message set {C4SMP}

CCP command center processor {C4SMP}_ configuration control panel {AFSPC/DOT}_ protocol

CCPDS command center processing and display system {TW/AA}

CCPDS-R command center processing and display system replacement {TW/AA}

CCPO central civilian personnel office {AFSPC/DP}

CCR command communications reliability {20 AF}_ command control receiver_ commander's conference room (room 304, building 500, Falcon AFB)_ contract change request

CCRB communications-computer requirements board {AFSCN}_ configuration control review board {ITW/AA}

CCRS Canada Center for Remote Sensing...ground station at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan; proposed station near Ottawa, Ontario_ Canadian coastal radar system {TW/AA}

CCS command and control segment...this segment of DSM includes all functions that control data during satellite supports: the MCCs (mission control complexes), the DDE (data distribution equipment), the RCS (resource control system), the OSMC, the SDTL, and the RCSE at the RTSs (remote tracking stations)_ configuration control system_ constellation control station {Milstar}

C-CS communications-computer system {50 LG}

CCSB configuration control screening board {GPS}_ configuration control sub-board {ITW/AA}

CCSD configuration control system directive

CCSE command and control sustaining engineering...SMC Det 5 contract with IBM_ command and control system element {AFSCN}

CCSEG command contact support equipment group {Milstar}

CCV code change verifier {20 AF}

CCW command and control warfare...formerly C3CM, the integration of OPSEC, military deception, PSYOPS, EW and physical destruction (mutually supported by intelligence) to deny information from an adversary, and to influence, degrade or destroy adversary C2 capabilities while protecting friendly C2 capabilities {AFSPC/XPXS}

CDA central distribution amplifier {AFSCN}_ central dynamic amplifier {BFEC}_ central software design authority {50 SSYS}_ Coeur d'Alene (Idaho) {FAIR}_ command and data acquisition {DMSP}_ compound document architecture {AFSC2S}

CDB command data buffer {20 AF}

CDC child development center {50 SW}_ command destruct control_ confined detonating cord_ Control Data Corporation

CDIS Canadian Defence Intelligence Staff

CDM central display modification {DMSP}

C&DP command and data processing...SMC $617K contract with IBM and Paramax (formerly Unisys)_ control and display panel {AFSCN}

CD-ROM compact disk, read-only memory

CDRS container design retrieval system {CSOC}

CDS Canadian Defence Staff_ Chief of the Defence Staff_ control description sheet_ current data system...CCS predecessor

CDSM COBRA DANE system modernization {ESC}

CDT Central Daylight Time_ cutdown test {AFSCN}

C2E command and control element {GPALS}

CEAP change evaluation and approval process {50 SSYS}

CECORS civil engineering contract operations reporting system {50 CES}

CEF candidate environmental findings {ECAMP}

CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

CEMIRT civil engineering maintenance, inspection and repair team {AFSCN}

CENTAG Central Army Group

Centaur General Dynamics-Convair liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen upper stage...Centaur D-1A is used with Atlas boosters, Centaur-G with Titan IV can put 10,000 lbs into GTO

CENTCOM Central Command

CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites...one of two groups formed to increase sharing of satellite data and to promote the use of earth observation satellites (the other is IPOMS)

CEP circular error probable

CEPT Conference European des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications...membership consists of 26 European post and telecommunications authorities

CEQ council on environmental quality {EPA}

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act

CERES center for research support {BMDO}_ correlation, environment, requirements evaluation

CFA commanders' facility assessment {HQ USAF/CE}_ crossed field amplifier

CFC chlorofluorocarbons {ECAMP}_ combined federal campaign

CFD computational fluid dynamics {NAVSPACECOM}

CFDP control files data base {DMSP}

CFE contractor-furnished equipment_ Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (agreement)

CFES continuous flow electrophoresis system...Shuttle experiment to demonstrate the technology of pharmaceutical processing in space

CFEN contractor-furnished equipment notice {COBRADANE}

CFEP communications front-end processor {DMSP}

CFFG Canadian Forces fighter group

CFM computer facility manager {50 SWR 56-1}_ cubic feet per minute

CFMF cryogenic fluid management facility...reusable research facility to establish a technology base for zero-gravity cryogenic fluid management systems

CFS Canadian Forces Station_ cesium frequency standard {GPS}

CFT cockpit familiarization trainer {TAB93-1}

CFWC Canadian Federal Warning Centre, Carp, Ontario {NORAD}

CG center of gravity_ command guide_ commanding general_ communications group

CGDOR current grade date of rank {AFMPC}

CGF Central Group of Forces {CIS}

CGIS Comsat General Integrated Systems...comsat computer-aided design subsidiary

CGN guided-missile cruiser, nuclear-powered {USN}

CGOC company grade officers council

CGWIC China Great Wall Industry Corporation...division of Ministry of Astronautics

CHAMPUS civilian health and medical program of the uniformed services

Chase coronal helium abundance spacelab experiment...Spacelab-2 solar experiment, proposed for Sunlab, sponsored by Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and University College

Chemsat Proposed small, Getaway Special-deployable satellites containing gas-release canisters...resulting gas clouds would be used as targets for BMD laser tests; see "Multiprobe" and "GAS"

cherry picker A work station mounted on a manipulator arm or crane to position crew members at a work area...cherry pickers may be closed (for a shirt-sleeve environment) or open.

Chibis Pneumatic vacuum suits carried on CIS space stations...used to simulate terrestrial gravitation prior to reentry.

chip A small piece of silicon that is a complete semiconductor device or integrated circuit. {Sandia}

CHRMS civilian human resource management system

CI configuration inspection {NASA}_ configuration item {CSOC}_ counterintelligence

C2I command, control and intelligence {CSOC}

C4I command, control, communications, computers and intelligence {SR 27-2}

CIAET combined initial and annual ethics training {OGE}

CIASC CSOC integration and activation support contract...50 LG $1.5M contract (#F04701-C-92-0036) awarded to Loral May 92, displacing 10-yr incumbent TRW

CIC (NORAD/USSPACECOM) combined intelligence center_ commander's information center (room 302, bldg 300, Falcon AFB)_ configuration and interface controller_ crew instructor course {50 CTS}

CID charge-injection device_ comprehensive interior design {AFSPC/CE}

C3IE command, control, communications and intelligence, east {C4SMP}

CIF crew information file {50 SW}

C4IFTW command, control, communications, computers and intelligence for the warrior {C4SMP}

CIL critical items list {NASA}

CIM corporate information management {ASD/C3I}

CINCPAC Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command

CINF community imagery needs forecast {DIA}

CIO central imagery office

CIP capital investment plan {AFSPC/DOG}_ component improvement program_ critical intelligence parameter

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States...formerly USSR. The Ministry of Defense coordinates the military's role in space programs, cosmonaut training, and spacecraft recovery. The Strategic Rocket Forces control launches and provide TT&C._ communications and information systems {ACDS, MOD}

CIS ASAT An SL-11 booster used to launch co-orbital antisatellite interceptors. The nuclear-armed GALOSH interceptor deployed around Moscow has an inherent ASAT capability against satellites in low earth orbit. A directed energy weapon ASAT capability is suspected for sites at Sary Shagan and Dushanbe space tracking facility.

CISC CSOC integration support contract(or)...SMC $10.3M contract with TRW

CISCO consolidated intelligence support to combat operations

CISF centralilzed integrated support facility...Det 25 software facility at Peterson AFB

- Plesetsk...PK, or Northern Cosmodrome

- Tyuratam...TT, or Baikonur Cosmodrome

CISS Centaur integrated support structure...cradle and support system for Centaur upper stage and payload

CIV code inserter verifier {AFSPC/DOM}

CIW combined intelligence watch {C4SMP}

C3IW command, control, communications and intelligence, west {C4SMP}

CIWC combined intelligence watch commander {USSPACECOM}

CJTF commander, joint task force {NAVSPACECOM}

CKT circuit {50 SPCS}

CLE command and launch equipment {20AF}

CLEO contingency launch and early orbit {operations plan 3410}

CLIP cancel launch in progress {20 AF}

Clouds Shuttle structures photography experiments to observe cloud formation, dissipation and opaqueness.

CLPSB CINC logistics procurement support board {NAVSPACECOM}

CLS contractor logistics support {CSOC}_ cooperative launch switches {AFSPC/DOM}

CLSA combined logistics support agreement {BMEWS Site III}

CLT/RTL Compagnie Luxembourgeois de Telediffusion/Radio-Tele Luxembourg...Luxembourg's television organization; one of many sponsors of TDF-1

Cluster Proposed European Space Agency (ESA) Shuttle-launched satellite that will make interactive measurements on how energy is transferred across magnetospheric boundaries.

CLWG combined logistics working group {BMEWS Site III}

CM centimeter(s)_ change management {USSPACECOM/J6N}_ configuration management {DODD 5010.19, AFR 14-1, AFR65- 3}_ configuration manager_ corrective maintenance {BMEWS Site III}_ countermeasure

C&M control and monitor {CSOC}

CMAFB Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base...obsolete, now CMAS

CMAH CINC mobile alternate headquarters {Milstar}

CMAS Cheyenne Mountain Air Station...formerly CMAFB (CMAFS before that, and CMC or NCMC before that), refers to the base and all its tenant activities

CMB CAAS (contract advisory and assistance services) management board_ configuration management board {BMEWS Site III}

CMCP combined management control plan {BMEWS Site III}

CMDP communications management development plan {Milstar}

CMDPE command processing and evaluation {CPCI 204}

CMDR commander

CMG control moment gyro...a gyroscope, usually much larger than a gyro sensor, mounted on a single or double gimbal and used to generate control torques. The torques are generated by commanding gimbal angle rates that result in inertial motion of the CMG spinning wheel and accompanying gyroscopic reaction torques on the vehicle structure. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

CMI California Microwave, Inc._ computer-managed instruction {50 CTS}

CMIS Cheyenne Mountain interface subsystem {C4SMP}

CMOP Chairman (JCS) memorandum of policy

CMOS complementary metal-oxide semicondutor...MOS technology used in very low power applications, popular in space and military systems {Sandia}

C2MOS closed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CMOSG Cheyenne Mountain operations staff group {N/U/S HOI 55-1}

CMP common multipurpose processor_ configuration management plan {AFR 65-3}_ counter-military potential

CMPG command message processing group {20 AF}

CMRL command and measurement requirements list {GPS}

CMRS calibration measurement requirements summary {CSOC}

CMS chief master sergeant_ Colorado monitor station {GPS}_ common MCG&I (mapping, charting, geopositioning and imagery) system {AFSC2S}_ cost management system {AFSCN}_ current message set {C4SMP}

CMSC control monitor station controller {AFSCN}

CMSG Cheyenne Mountain Support Group...obsolete, now 721 SGP

CMSGT chief master sergeant

CMTS CMC (Cheyenne Mountain Complex) training system {AFSPC/DO}

CMU Cheyenne Mountain upgrade {AFSPC/SC}

CN communications network {CSOC}_ counter-narcotics {C4SMP}

CNAAS counter-narcotics air analysis system {C4SMP}

CNC computerized numerical control

CNES Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales...French national space agency, lead technical agency for Ariane

CNET Centre National d'Etudes des Telecommunications...French telecommunications agency

CNIE Commission Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales...manager of Argentina's space research program

CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands {73 SGP}

CNN Cable News Network

CNRADL Canadian RADIL (ROCC/AWACS digital information link) {TW/AA}

CNRI Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Reston VA

CO carbon monoxide {EPA}_ central office {AFSCN}_ change order_ Colorado_ commanding officer_ contracting office(r)

COBE cosmic background explorer...Shuttle experiment to study the diffuse radiation of the universe

COCOM combatant command_ Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls...informal committee in Paris that supervises Western alliance exports

COD cash on delivery_ cooperative opportunities document {AFSPC/XP}_ correction of deficiencies {TW/AA}

COE (U.S. Army) Corps of Engineers

CoFR certification of flight readiness {NASA}

COI critical operational issue {CSOC SCS}

COL colonel

COLA collision avoidance {NASA}_ cost-of-living allowance

COLD-SAT Cryogenic infrared radiance instrument for Shuttle...zero-gravity cryogenic fluids transfer experiment

Columbus Free-flying version of European Spacelab, offered as the European contribution to the U.S. space station.

COM chief of maintenance_ combined USAF/RAF operations manual {BMEWS Site III}_ computer-output microfilm

COMACC Commander, Air Combat Command

COMBO computation of miss between orbits...NORAD computer program for collision avoidance calculations

COMET Collecte en Orbite de Matiere Extra Terrestie...French cometary dust collector_ commercial experiment transporter...three NASA-sponsored launches in 1992, 1994 and 1995.

COMPASS complementary active sensor system {NAVSPACECOM}

Comstar Commercial domestic telephone comsat...uses an Atlas-Centaur booster; control center in Washington DC, TT&C stations in Southbury CT and Santa Paula CA.

- D2 launched 22 Jul 76

- D4 launched 21 Feb 81

Conestoga Space Services, Inc. solid propellant booster...successful suborbital test flight Sep 82

CONR CONUS (continental United States) NORAD (North American Aerospace Defence) Command region {C4SMP}

contrail condensation trail

COOK AFSCN call sign for Vandenberg Tracking Station (VTS)...one of nine RTSs in the common user AFSCN, COOK (35_N latitude, 121_W longitude) also provides two-sided support for 30th Space Wing launches and is the alternate 750 SGP command post. COOK's 60' high-power uplink antenna ("VTS-A") was installed in 1967; ARTS II turnover May 92. COOK's 46' antenna ("VTS-B") was installed in 1973; ARTS II turnover Jul 91. COOK's 10m DLT (receive only) antenna ("VTS-C") was installed in 1981 for M2P1 communications; TT&C upgrade IOC Apr 93. Local standard time is Z-8 hours.

Copernicus German communications relay satellite...see "DFS Kopernikus"

COPES CCS (command and control segment) operating procedures, engineering and simulations {50 CTS}

COPS commodity-oriented procurement system {DLA}

COR consolidated operations room {Lights Out}

CORESAT constitution/reconstitution satellite {NAVSPACECOM}

Coronet Luxembourg's proposed 16-channel TV broadcast satellite.

COS certificate of service {NSP}_ chief of support_ Colorado Springs (Colorado)_ combat operations staff

COSEPUP Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy...a joint committee of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine

Cosmos CIS satellite series_ European aerospace manufacturers' consortium

COSPAR United Nations Committee on Space Research...originally chartered SPADATS to assign satellite international designators and keep the satellite catalogue for the UN

COSPAS Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poiska Avariynych Sudov...CIS portion of COSPAS-SARSAT search and rescue program; see "SARSAT-COSPAS"

COSSCASP Consortium of Small Satellite Constructors and Service Providers

COT changeover time {Milstar}

COTR contracting officer's technical representative

CP command post_ communications processor {C4SMP}_ conduit penetration_ control processor {Milstar}

CPC ceramic printed circuit {20AF}_ computer program component {Milstar}

CPCI (C&DP contract) computer program configuration item {SMC Det 5}

201 ops planning 235 DSM simulation

203 TLMPE 350 basic scheduling

204 CMDPE M01 FLTSATCOM

205 MCCMG M03 DSCS

209 common services M05 command maneuver program

230 mission orbit planning DB data base

CPCSB computer program configuration sub-board {SR 27-2}

CPE collocated program element...CSOC CPEs include GPS MCS, mission ops center, DSCS comm terminals, CTS, SEFC, and NTF_ computer performance evaluation {50 SSYS}

CPER contract performance evaluation report {NSP}

CPG control processor group {Milstar}

CPIC computer program integration contract...SMC Det 5 $2.7M CCS contract with Paramax (formerly Unisys)

CPLE capillary pump loop explorer...Shuttle experiment to determine zero-gravity performance of a capillary pump loop heat acquisition system; see "CAPL"

CPMR Cape Parry Missile Range, Canada...70.1_N latitude, 124.4_W longitude_ CSOC program management review

CPO chief petty officer {US Navy}_ civilian personnel office

CPS characters per second_ competitive prototyping strategy {AFSPC/XP}_ core processing system {C4SMP}

CPSMR contractor's progress, status and management report {50 CTS}

CPT captain {U.S. Army}

CPT&E computer program(mer) testing and evaluation {50 SSYS}

CPTF Camp Parks Test Facility...see "CPCA"

CPX command post exercise

CR carriage return_ change request_ change requirement {NASA}_ clarification request_ continuing resolution_ coupling reduction...SGEMP hardening technique that reduces the injection current in a cable, reduces the replacement current flowing onto a cable, and reduces the cavity field coupling to a cable_ crossrange {20 AF}

CRIS crisis response imaging system {Ball Aerospace}

CRISTA cryogenic infrared spectrometer telescope {NASA}

CRITICOM CRITIC (critical intelligence) communications (system) {TW/AA}

CRM contract requirements monitor {50 CTS}

CROSS combined RF (radio frequency) and optical space surveillance {AFSPC/DO}

CRR calibration, repair and return {AFSCN}_ Churchill Research Range, Canada...58.48_N latitude, 93.48_W longitude_ correct rejection rate {CSOC SCS}

CRRES combined radiation and release effects satellite...built by Ball Aerospace for NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center; will release tracer chemicals to study atmospheric structures and dynamics, and will monitor the earth's radiation belts and their effects on the latest generation of microelectronics

CRS central radar system {TW/AA}_ command readout station {DMSP}_ Congressional Research Service

CRTC Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission

CRWG computer resources working group {CSOC}

CS combat support {NAVSPACECOM}_ communications segment {CSOC}_ communications squadron, e.g., 750CS_ CONSTANT SOURCE_ contact success {CSOC}_ Japanese medium capacity communications satellite for experimental purposes. NATO III design, launched 15 Dec 77 on a Delta 2914, called Sakura ("cherry blossoms") following custom of naming successful satellites after flowers. Control center at Tsukuba, Japan.

- CS-2 launched on an N-2 booster from Tanegashima by NASDA; 750 lb, 4,000 telephone circuit capacity, control centers at Kimitu and Tateyama, Japan

- CS-2A launched 4 Feb 83

- CS-2B launched 6 Aug 83

- CS-3 is an 1100 lb-class comsat; 12 transponders each (6000 simultaneous telephone calls capacity)

CS-203 Star scanner for Venus radar mapper.

C3S command, control and communications segment {DMSP}

C4S command, control, communications and computer systems {NAVSPACECOM}

CSA Chief of Staff, United States Army_ combat support activity {DLA}_ contracted support activity {IG}

CSAI contracted support activity inspection {50 CTS}

CSAR combat search and rescue {NAVSPACECOM}

CSAT constellation sustainability assessment team {GPS}

CSC central security control {CSOC SCS}_ central switching controller_ Computer Sciences Corp., El Segundo CA_ computer software component {50 CTS}_ configuration software component {Milstar}_ core support capability

CSCE conference on security and cooperation in Europe

CSD Chemical Systems Division_ command signals decoder {20 AF}

CSE common support equipment_ communications security establishment {C4SMP}_ control and status element

CSEE Compagnie de Signaux et d'Entreprises Electriques...French aerospace manufacturer

CSEL combat survivor evader locator {ACC}

CSF commanding support function {DMSP}

CSG Centre Spatiale Guiana...see "French Guiana Space Centre"_ combat support group_ command system generator {Milstar}

CSI commercial satellite interconnectivity program...NCS (National Communications System) program to establish a network of 22 commercial ground stations capable of finding and using surviving satellites in times of war or extraordinary emergency

CSIN computer software identification number

CSIP component sponsored investment program {AFSPC/XP}

CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies...Georgetown University think tank

CSLA commercial space launch act {AFSPC/DOP}

CSLBM conventional submarine-launched ballistic missile

CSMO command supply and movement office {BMEWS Site III}

C3SMP command, control and communications system master plan {SR 27-2}

C4SMP command, control, communications and computers system master plan {C4SMP}

CSO closely spaced object_ commanding systems operator {DMSP}_ communications-computer system officer {50 LG}_ Composite Signals Organization {ASCN}_ critical satellite operations...Harris DMSP contract; GE, WEC, OAO subcontractors_ critical space operations...budget term

CSOC consolidated space operations center {50 SW}

CSP channel substrate planar_ coherent signal processor_ command support plan {AFSCN}_ communications support processor {C4SMP}_ contact support plan {CSOC}_ contact support processor {AFSCN}_ control and status panel_ CSTC (Consoli dated Space Test Center) support program

CSPAR Commander-in-Chief's preparedness assessment report {C4SMP}

CSPR contact support procedure {DSCS}

CSR Computer Sciences Raytheon...ASCN O&M contractor {45 SW}_ contact success rate {CSOC}

CSRD communications/computer systems requirements document {AF Fm 3215}_ communications system reference document {C4SMP}

CSRO Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization...STS 51-C blood research payload participant

CSSO computer system security officer {AFSCN}_ contractor special security officer {50 SPS}

C/SSR cost/schedule status report {50 CTS}

CST Central Standard Time

CSTC Consolidated Space Test Center...formerly AFSCF, now SMC/CU Det 2

CSTI civilian space technology initiative {NAVSPACECOM}

CSU channel service unit {AFSCN}_ Colorado State University

CSVCS common services {CPCI 209}

CSWG communications-computer system working group {50 LG}

CT-411 Star tracker used on all Shuttle flights for fine alignment of the navigation system and for attitude verification before releasing payloads.

CTAPS contingency TACS (tactical air control system) automated planning system {C4SMP}

CTC central telecommunications cabinet {AFSCN}

CTDF contracting technical data file {DLA}

CTE coefficient of thermal expansion...the change in length per unit length per degree in temperature {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}_ command transmitter controller_ crew training emulator {50 CTS}

C2TED command and control tactical exploitation demonstration {BMDO}

CTIS commander's tactical information system {TW/AA}

CTO central telephone office {AFSCN}

CTOL cataloging tools on line {DLA}

CTP communications task plan {USSPACECOM/J6N}

CTS center technical services...45 SW range O&M contract_ Colorado Tracking Station...see "PIKE"_ communications technology satellite_ component tracking system_ COMSEC/TRANSEC subsystem {Milstar}_ crew training squadron, e.g., 50 CTS...formerly CCTS

CU cumulus {AWS}

CUE common user element...AFSCN resources shared by everyone who uses the network -- the communications, the RTS antennas, and both RCC scheduling nodes

Cupola Experiment conducted on Salyut-7 space station to evaluate industrial pollution over large industrial centers (Zaporozhye) using photographic, spectrometric and radiometric equipment.

CUR current

CVBG carrier battle group {USN}

CVHG VSTOL aircraft carrier {USN}

CVSD continuously variable slope delta...modulation technique for digital communications_ continuously variable slope detector {DMSP}

CW Canada west {C4SMP}_ chemical warfare_ continuous wave_ AFMC SMC satellite control and data handling program office, i.e., SMC/CW.

C&W Cable and Wireless {AFSCN}

C2W command and control warfare {CJCS MOP 30}

CWC cleared while checking...also called CBI (cleared before isolation) {AFSCN}_ composite warfare commander

CX cancel(led)

CYSICYG color you see is color you get...computer term, pronounced "sissy-sig" {GT}

- CZ-1C is a 3-stage booster with a 100-400 kg capability to sun-synchronous orbit

- CZ-2 (Long March 2) is a 2-stage liquid propellant booster with a 1250 kg capability to sun-synchronous orbit (3,900 kg to 200 km orbit inclined 28.5_)

- CZ-3 (Long March 3) is a 3-stage booster (third stage is liquid oxygen and hydrogen) with a 1400 kg GTO capability

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

D Normal international space object designator suffix for "debris."_ DELTA {military phonetics alphabet}_ Democrat, e.g., Sen. Biden (D-DE)

3-D three dimensional

5D demand-driven direct digital dissemination {FSST}

DA administration...obsolete, now IM_ damage assessment_ Department of the Army_ district attorney

DAC detailed attack characterization_ discriminating attack capability_ duty air controller

DAD dual air density...measure of global density of upper atmosphere and lower exosphere

DAFC Department of the Air Force civilian

DAMA demand-assigned multiple access

DANASAT direct-ascent nuclear anti-satellite

DAR daily activity report {AFI10-1204}_ defense acquisition regulation...obsolete, now FAR

DAS data acquisition subsystem {DMSP}_ date arrived station {CBPO}

DASC defense administrative support center {DLA}

DASD direct access storage device

DAT digital audio tape_ direct ascent threat

DATAB data table {DMSP}

dB decibel(s)...a unit for describing the ratio of two powers or intensities, or the ratio of a power to a reference power

dBA decibel on the A-weighted scale {EPA}

DBA data base administrator {AFSCN}_ direct budget authority

DBCCD data base change control directive

DBCM data base configuration management

DBDS data base development standard

DBFAT data base functional area team

DBOF (Department of) Defense business operations fund

DBP direct buy program {DLA}

dBsm decibels relative to one square meter

DBSSL database software support library {Det 5, SMC/CW}

DBT database transfer {50 CTS}_ dual band translator {20AF}

dBW decibels above one watt...a measure of power equal to 10 times the common logarithm of the ratio of a given power to one watt

DBWG data base working group {AFSCN}

DC data controller {AFSCN}_ direct current_ District of Columbia

DCAC Defense Communications Agency circular

DCAOC Defense Communications Agency Operations Center {DSCS}

DCAS Defense Contract Administrative Services

DCBSY MGS (missile guidance set) computer busy {20 AF}

DCC damage control center {50 CES}_ data control center_ Digital Communications Corporation

DCCP DC/DC converter inverter power supply {GPS}

DCCS designated constellation control station {Milstar}

DCD dual command decoder {GPS}

DCE dichloroethylene {EPA}

DCEC Defense Communications Engineering Center

DCF DSCS certification facility (Army Space Command)...formerly PACCE

DCG disaster control group {AFSPC/IG}

DCINCNORAD - Deputy Commander in Chief, North American Aerospace Defense Command

DCM data communications multiplexer_ defensive countermeasures_ deputy commander of maintenance

DCMC Defense Contract Management Command

DCMDR deputy commander

DCN defense communications network {C4SMP}_ digital communications network_ DLA (Defense Logistics Agency) corporate network_ document change notice {NASA}

DCO document change order {AFSCN}

DCR design change request {AFSCN}

DCS Defense Communications System...controlled by DISA and the Department of the Army, the DCS uses DSCS as well as leased channels on commercial comsats_ deputy chief of staff

DCSC Defense Construction Supply Center {DLA}

DCU digital control unit {20 AF}

DDB display data base {DMSP}

DDC data distribution center {TW/AA}

DDCP data decommutator command processor {DMSP}

DDD direct distance dialing

DDE data distribution element {AFSCN}_ data distribution equipment {AFSCN}_ desired damage expectancy_ digital data element {AFSCN}_ Dwight David Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States, 1953-1961

DDG guided-missile destroyer {USN}

DDIF DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) digital image format {AFSC2S}

DDMS Department of Defense Manager, Space Transportation System...Patrick AFB FL office that cordinates DoD responsibilities for Shuttle takeoffs and landings

DDN defense data network {AFSCN}_ defense dissemination network_ distributed data network

DDR-C Defense Distribution Region-Central {DLA}

DDR-E Defense Distribution Region-East {DLA}

DDR-W Defense Distribution Region-West {DLA}

DDS data display subsystem {DMSP}_ data distribution system {AFSCN}_ defense dissemination system_ digital display system {C4SMP}

DDU data distribution unit {AFSCN}_ digital distribution unit

DeCA Defense Commissary Agency

DECA defense, economic cooperation agreement {73 SGP}

DECCO Defense Commercial Communications Office

DECOM decommutation unit {DMSP}

DED data entry display {TW/AA}

deep space Operationally defined as the region of space where an object has an orbital period of at least 225 minutes.

DEERS (Department of) Defense enrollment eligibility reporting system

DEFCON defense readiness condition...the stage of alert for U.S. military forces, ranges from 5 (peacetime) to 1 (global thermonuclear war):

- 5 (exercise term FADE OUT): Normal peacetime situation exists

- 4 (exercise term DOUBLE TAKE): Increased intelligence watch and strengthened security measures

- 3 (exercise ROUND HOUSE): An increase in force readiness above normal readiness

- 2 (exercise FAST PACE): A further increase in force readiness but less than maximum readiness

- 1 (exercise COCKED PISTOL): Maximum force readiness {CBTS}

DEG degree

DEIS draft environmental impact statement

Delta McDonnell Douglas booster...Delta II, the growth version, entered the Air Force inventory in Feb 88 and was first launched 14 Feb 89

- Delta 3920 with PAM-D upper stage can boost 2450 lb to GTO

- Delta 6925 can take 8780 lbs to LEO and 3190 lbs to GTO; the Delta 6925 has carried nine GPS satellites into orbit

- Delta 7925 can take 11,110 lbs to LEO and 4010 lbs to GTO; the Delta 7925 has boosted all GPS satellites into orbit since its first launch in Nov 90

DELTA Military phonetics alphabet call sign for the letter "D."

Delta 180 5 Sep 86 BMDO sensor and interceptor experiment

Delta 181 8 Feb 88 BMDO test to discriminate warheads from decoys in space

delta V Change in velocity...the ideal delta V (pronounced "delta vee") is the velocity change a rocket would attain if there were no gravity and no drag, and if the earth did not rotate. {Space Handbook, Aug 77}

DEMOD demodulator {AFSCN}

DENC disenabled commanded {20 AF}

DEO defense employment option_ designated escort official {50 SPS}

DEP delayed enlistment program {AFMPC}

DEPCJTF deputy commander, joint task force {NAVSPACECOM}

DERP (Department of) Defense environmental restoration program

DESC Defense Electronics Supply Center...this DLA organization buys and manages electronics for the U.S. military services and federal civil agencies such as NASA and the FAA {DS&E, Feb 85}

descending node - The point on the equatorial plane where an earth-orbiting body passes from north latitude to south latitude. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

DESTA DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) thin-wire Ethernet station adapter {AFSC2S}

- 2 SOPS Det 1, 39761 Old Press Site Rd, Cape Canaveral AFS FL 32925-6577...formerly 2SCS, operates and maintains a GPS ground antenna, and supports 45th Space Wing launches of GPS satellites

- 6 SOPS Det 1, Fairchild AFB, 11604 West Newkirk Rd, Spokane WA 99204-0201...formerly 5 SOPS, also called Spokane Satellite Tracking Station; includes two dedicated DMSP tracking antennas and a backup C2 node (SOC-36, called FAIR, the Fairchild satellite operations center)

- 12 SWS Det 1 (21 SW), Sondrestrom AB GL, APO NY 09121-5000...formerly 1015 ABS

- 18 SPSS (73 SGP) detachments:

-- Det 1: Antigua; Maj Lee Winters, commander; Tim deGavre, CSR station manager

-- Det 2: Ascension AAF, Ascension Island; LC Geno Cuomo, commander; Jack Whitaker, CSR station manager; local standard time is Z hours

-- Det 1: Vandenberg Tracking Station (VTS), Bldg 23225, Room 159, 747 Nebraska Ave, Suite 10, Vandenberg AFB CA 93437-6270...see "COOK"

-- Det 2: New Hampshire Tracking Station (NHS)..."Det 2" is obsolete; now 23 SOPS; see "BOSS"

-- Det 3: Thule Tracking Station (TTS), Unit 82501, APO AE 09704-5000...see "POGO"

-- Det 4: Indian Ocean Tracking Station (IOS), PSC #1215, Unit 62500, APO AE 09815...see "INDI"

-- Det 5: Guam Tracking Station (GTS), Unit 14023, APO AP 96543-5000...see "GUAM"

-- Det 6: Hawaii Tracking Station (HTS), PO Box 868, Waianae HI 96792-0868...see "HULA"

-- Det 7: Colorado Tracking Station (CTS), Galileo Ave, Suite 54, Falcon AFB CO 80912-4154..."Det 7" is obsolete; CTS is now part of 22 SOPS...see "PIKE"

-- Det 8: Diego Garcia Tracking Station (DGS), Box 52, FPO AP 96464-0052...see "REEF"

DF data formatter {DMSP}_ deuterium fluoride_ direction finding_ doozlefustus {S/DDO}

DFAS Defense Finance and Accounting Service, 6760 E Irvington Pl, Denver CO 80279 {DMRD 910}

DFC Distinguished Flying Cross_ doppler frequency converter {AFSCN}

DFD directive format directory {50 CTS}

DFHSM data facility hierarchical storage manager...IBM-proprietary MCC DASD software being incorporated through ECP 5126

DFMR dual frequency MEECN receiver...SLFCS replacement {AFSPC/DOM}

DFRF Dryden Flight Research Facility {NASA}

DFS developmental flight satellite {Milstar}_ digital facsimile system {DMSP}

DFSC Defense Fuels Supply Center

DFS Kopernikus - 17-transponder German relay satellite for TV and telephone signals, built by a four-firm consortium headed by Siemens, A. A.

DFVLR Deutsche Forschungs und Versuchsanstalt fuer Luft und Raumfahrt...West German national aerospace research establishment

DG defense guidance_ Diego Garcia {REEF}_ display group {Milstar}_ distinguished graduate {AU}_ done graduated

DGCEEM director, general communications and electronics engineering and maintenance

DGPS differential GPS (global positioning system)

DGS dedicated ground site {DSP}_ Diego Garcia Tracking Station...see "REEF"

DGSC Defense General Supply Center {DLA}

DGZ designated ground zero

DHS data handling subsystem {Milstar}_ Defense HUMINT Service

DIAL differential absorption lidar...a sensor under development by MMC Astro Electronics that uses lasers to measure temperature and humidity

DIAM Defense Intelligence Agency manual

DIEGOG Diego Garcia (Island) ground antenna {GPS}

DIFFA Design Industries Foundation for AIDS {GT}

DIFM due in from maintenance {AFSCN}

DIG digital

DIIP defense inactive item program {DLA}

DINK dual-income, no kids

DIPEC Defense Industrial Plant Equipment Center

DIRFT do it right the first time {QAF}

DIRNSA Director, National Security Agency

DIS Defense Investigative Service

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency, 701 S Courthouse Rd, Arlington VA 22204-2199...formerly DCA

DISAMO DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency) management organization

DISAOC DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency) operation center

DISC Defense Industrial Supply Center {DLA}

DISEN disenabled state {20 AF}

DISN (Department of) Defense information systems network {C4SMP}

DISOB (Department of) Defense intelligence space operations bulletin {AFSPC/DOY}_ defense intelligence space order of battle {Cheyenne Mountain CIC}

DISS digital ionospheric sounding system {AFSPC/DOG}

DLAH Defense Logistics Agency handbook

DLAM Defense Logistics Agency manual

DLAR Defense Logistics Agency regulation

DLEA drug law enforcement agency {C4SMP}

DLIS defense logistics information system {DLA}

DLMS defense logistics management system {DLA}

DLR depot level reparables {DMRD 904}

DLSA Defense Legal Services Agency

DLT (10m M-22) data link terminal

DM data management_ data monitor_ danger mouse_ decision making {USSPACECOM/J6}_ defense missile

DMA Defense Mapping Agency, Washington DC...provides MC&G support and services to the armed forces; produces and distributes maps, charts, precise positioning data, and digital data for strategic and tactical military operations and weapons {AW&ST, 16 Jul 84}_ degraded mode assessment_ deployed mechanical assembly_ direct memory access {AFSC2S}

DMCCC deputy missile combat crew comander {AFSPC/DOM}

DMCO Delta mission checkout {45 SW}

DMD duty mission director {DSCS}

DMGE depot maintenance ground equipment {20 AF}

DM-M delay modulation-mark {telemetry Miller code}

DMOS diffusive mixing of organic solutions...3M Corporation's experiment on STS 51-A, to grow crystals of organic compounds for research programs

DMPA Defense Medical Programs Activity

DMPALS doppler mission performance algorithm system {DSCS}

DM-S delay modulation-space {telemetry Miller code}

DMSM (Department of) Defense meritorious service medal

DMSO defense modeling and simulation office {AFSPC/DOP}

DMSP defense meteorological satellite program...military weather satellite controlled by 6 SOPS (formerly 1000 SOG); Det 1, 6 SOPS; and 1 SOPS (formerly 1 SCS); circular polar orbit, 450 NM altitude (commercial METSATs are at synchronous), 101-minute period (14 times over POGO daily)

DMTS digital maintenance test set {COBRADANE}

DMU dual modem upgrade {AFSPC/DOM}

DMUX demultiplex(er) {AFSCN}

DNA Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington, DC 20305-5000_ deoxyribonucleic acid

DND Department of National Defence {Canada}_ duty network director {AFSCN}

DNIF duties not involving flying {50 OPG}

DNOA dual-node operations agreement {50 OPG}

DNSC Defense National Stockpile Center {DLA}

DNSO defense network systems organization {DISA}

DO operational dependability {AFR 57-9}

DO deputy commander for operations_ director of operations {AFI 10-1204}_ MCC-III {OD-1}

DOA dead on arrival

DOB date of birth_ depth of burst_ deployment operating base {C4SMP}

DOC Command and Control Systems Division, Directorate of Operations, Air Force Space Command_ Department of Commerce_ designed operational capability {MCCC}_ drift orbit correction {GPS}

DOCS DSCS operational control system...Army DCF building at Falcon AFB

DOD (U.S.) Department of Defense...OSD uses a lower case "o," e.g., "DoD"

DODAAC (U.S.) Department of Defense address activity code

DODEA (U.S.) Department of Defense education activity

DODEE (U.S.) Department of Defense element of expense (/investment code, i.e., EEIC)

DOF degrees of freedom

DOG Current Operations Division, Directorate of Operations, Air Force Space Command

DOI detachment operating instruction {AFSCN}

Dolphin Suborbital rocket under development as a precursor to four-stage Constellation orbital booster, designed as a low-cost launcher; first launch 3 Aug 84

DOM German (FRG) orbiting laboratory...sponsored by the German Federal Ministry of Research (BMFT) to explore near-earth space for scientific and technological research, complementing the German Spacelab-D program and contributing to Space Station Columbus preparation. DOM carrier (derived from SPAS design) is a reusable multipurpose platform designed for a minimum of five missions.

DOOI DO operating instruction {Milstar}

DOP development options paper {NAVSPACECOM}

DORS data output recording system_ (Department of) Defense outplacement referral service

DOS date of separation_ Department of State (aka Foggy Bottom)_ disk operating system

DOT (U.S.) Department of Transportation...designated by President Reagan Nov 83 to administer commercial space launch vehicle policy (through its Office of Commercial Space Transportation)_ designated operational tracker {20 AF}_ operations training branch {50SW}_ Space Operations Training, Testing, Standardization/Evaluation and Configuration Control Division, Directorate of Operations, Air Force Space Command

DOTM due out to maintenance {AFSCN}

DOTS dynamic ocean tracking system {AW&ST, 19 Oct 92}

downlink Communication from a satellite to a ground station.

DOY Space Control Division, Directorate of Operations, Air Force Space Command {AFI 10-1204}

DPA Defense Production Act

DPAS Defense Priorities and Allocations System...Department of Commerce system to police delivery schedules for government- contracted defense goods; formed by merging 31-year old defense priorities and defense materials systems (DPS/DMS)

DPDO defense property disposal office {AFSPC/IG}

DPE data processing equipment_ DMSP playback enhancement {BOSS}

DPLP demonstration performance lesson plan {50 CTS}

DPRO (Department of) Defense plant representative office

DPS data processing (sub)system {Milstar}_ (Department of) Defense Printing Service

DPSC Defense Personnel Support Center {DLA}

DPSK digital phase shift key(ing)

DPU digital processor unit {20 AF}

DPW Directorate of Public Works {USASCH}

DR deficiency report {AFSCN}_ detection radar, e.g., AN/FPS-17 (Pirincilik) and AN/FPS-50 (Clear)_ discrepancy report {GPS}_ discrimination radar_ downrange {20 AF}

DRA(AD) Defence Research Agency, Aerospace Division {MOD}

DRAMA data review, analysis and monitoring aid {DLA}

DRB defense resources board...SECDEF's corporate review body for the PPBS and systems acquisition process; chaired by DEPSECDEF, the DRB makes final decisions on program issues resulting from Service and Agency POM inputs

DRE digital ranging equipment {AFSCN}

DRED detection radar environment display {50 CTS}

DRG data routing group {AFSCN}_ degrees, radians, gradients_ document reference guide {AFSCN}

DRIS defense retail interservice support {DODD 4000.19M}

DRMS Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service {DLA}_ distance root mean square

DRS data reconstruction system {DMSP}

Druzhba Czech-developed light, compact, transportable space ground station...Druzhba is a Czech term meaning "Friendship"

3DS digital decision display system {C4SMP}

DSA Defense Supply Agency

DSAA Defense Security Assistance Agency

DSAC DLA (Defense Logistics Agency) systems automation center

DSARC defense systems acquisition review council...the highest level DOD corporate body for system acquisition

DSC data systems controller {AFSCN}_ defense space council {NAVSPACECOM}_ Defense Supply Center {DLA}_ depot support contract...Bendix AFSCN contract

DSCS defense satellite communications squadron, e.g., 5 DSCS_ defense satellite communications system...geostationary military comsats that provide high data rate comm for military forces, diplomatic corps, and the White House. DSCS provides long-haul SHF 7/8 GHz voice and high data rate communications for fixed and transportable terminals, and extends mobile service to a limited number of ships and aircraft. The user segment includes the DCA Operations Center (DCAOC) and several DSCS Operations Centers (DSCS-OCs). DSCS II and III are controlled by 3 SOPS from SOC-33 (formerly MCC-2). Operational DSCS satellites include the following (an additional test location is at 123_W):

- Flt 15 II 175_E longitude WPAC

- Flt 19 II 60_E longitude INDI reserve

- Flt 20 III-A2 57_E longitude INDI prime

- Flt 22 III-B12 12_W longitude ELANT prime

- Flt 23 III-B9 175_E longitude WPAC prime

DSCSOC DSCS (defense satellite communications system) operations center {ARSPACE}

DSE depot support equipment {20AF}

DSI (Department of) Defense simulation internet {USSPACECOM}_ depot support integrator...Bendix term for site integrator

DSIS DCS (Defense Communications System)/SCF (Satellite Control Facility) interface system...DSIS provides full-duplex wideband comm between CSTC, CSOC and the RTSs

DSM data systems modernization...a CCS development program to replace computers and software for controlling satellites, DSM provides new computer hardware and software, and new operational concepts for the 50 SW satellite operations complexes (SOCs). It also provides the data processing capability for the network control system segments of the AFSCN, centralizes command and control of the AFSCN, and uses resources more efficiently. IBM is the contractor.

DSNET defense secure network {C4SMP}

DSP defense support program...satellites that provide early warning of missile launches; the first line of defense against missile attack on the U.S. Supported by 1 SOPS (SOC-31B).

DSR development service report {AFSCN}

DSSO defense systems support organization {DISA}

DSSP (Department of) Defense standards and specifications program {DNA}

DSSR deep space surveillance radar {TW/AA}

DSTASK deep space tasking {AFSPC/DOY}

DSTC DOD space test capability

DSTS deep space tracking system {AFSPC/DO}

DSU data select unit_ digital service unit {AFSCN}_ direct support unit_ disk storage unit_ dual storage unit

DSWR deep space warning radar {NAVSPACECOM}

DSWS deep space warning sensor {TW/AA}

DTAPS DSCS telemetry analysis and processing system

DTE data terminal equipment {AFSCN}

DTED digital terrain elevation data {DMA}

DTM data transfer module {TAB93-1}_ deflection transformation matrix

DTO data take off {50 CTS}

DTS data transmission system_ defense technologies study_ defense transportation system {AFSCN}_ direct transmission system

DTST defensive technologies study team...a panel headed by James C. Fletcher, tasked by NEED 6-83 to identify new and innovative BMD concepts

DU display unit {Milstar}

DUCMA dust particle counter and mass analyzer...carried on Vega spacecraft, developed by J.A. Simpson, University of Chicago

DUI driving under the influence

Dushanbe CIS space tracking facility located in Tadzhiksyaya

DV design verification_ distinguished visitor {50 SW/CCP}

DVFR defense visual flight rules {C4SMP}

DVU digital voice unit {AFSCN}

DWD dispersed weapons director {C4SMP}

DWI driving while intoxicated

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

e Base of the natural logarithm_ eccentricity...describes the shape of an orbit; for a circular orbit, e= 0. Mathematically, e = 2c/2a, or the ratio of the distance between the two foci (2c) and the major axis (2a)...see "Keplerian elements"_ empty

E east_ ECHO {military phonetics alphabet}

E&A Engineering and Administration...building 300, Falcon AFB

EAC early attack characterization_ (President's) Economic Adjustment Committee_ emergency action console_ estimate at completion {50 CES}

EAFB Edwards AFB CA

EAL entry access list {50 SWR 56-1}

EAP emergency action plan_ emergency action procedure {USSPACECOM/J6}

EAR engineering analysis report {AFI10-1208}_ export administration regulation

EAROM electrically alterable read-only memory {GPS}

EASE/ACCESS experimental assembly of structures in EVA (extra-vehicular activity)/assembly concept for construction of erectable space structures...Shuttle experiment to measure human factors while assembling structures during EVA

EASTLANT east Atlantic...DSCS III satellite at 12_W longitude; also called ELANT

EASTPAC east Pacific...DSCS III satellite at 135_W longitude; also called EPAC

EAWG element architecture working group

EBB electronic bulletin board {AFMPC}

EBCDIC extended binary-coded decimal interchange code {AFSC2S}

EBS emergency broadcast system_ European business satellite...a Swedish commercial effort to build and operate two Ku-band comsats

EBU European business union...Geneva-based organization that distributes television programming among European nations

EC earth coverage_ electronic combat_ environmental compliance {ECAMP}_ European Community_ evaluation criterion {CSOC SCS}

ECAMP environmental compliance assessment and management program {AFR19-17}

ECD element control directive_ estimated completion date

Echo 1 Launched 12 Aug 60, the first passive comsat (a mylar balloon 30m in diameter).

ecliptic plane The plane defined by the circle on the celestial sphere traced by the sun's path. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

ECRS East Coast radar system {C4SMP}

ECS energy conversion subsystem...space station power system component_ entry control subsystem {CSOC SCS}_ environmental control system_ European communications satellite...controlled by Eutelsat, sponsored by ESA; first satellite of second series (Eutelsat 2), 16 transponders per satellite. The generic ECS spacecraft design is a cylindrical central thrust cone surrounded by an equipment platform. Two co-rotating momentum wheels provide attitude control. ECS uses a solid rocket motor for apogee impulse and 16 thrusters for station-keeping. Next-generation ECS called Eurostar._ external control system...random buzzword generator product

ECSP electronics command signals programmer {20 AF}

ECT entry control terminal {CSOC SCS}

ECTF eastern corridor task force {Falcon AFB}

EDI European defense initiative...proposal to defend Western Europe against CIS medium range ballistic missiles

EDS environmental display system {C4SMP}

EDT Eastern Daylight Time

EEA environmental enforcement action {ECAMP}

EEFI essential elements of friendly information {OPSEC}

EEI electro-explosive initiator_ elements of essential information {AFSCN}

- EEIC 554: critical space operations (CSO) -- direct mission

- EEIC 555: non-critical space operations (non-ops) -- support

EEO equal employment opportunity

EEP expanded execution plan {AFSPC/DOM}

EES earth elevation sensor_ electro-explosive subsystem_ enlisted evaluation system {MPC}

EET exercise evaluation team {50 SW}

EEVT electrophoresis equipment verification test...Shuttle technology demonstration of apparatus to evaluate the effects of electrophoresis of biological cells in zero gravity

Efo-1 Electronic photometer used on Salyut-7 to measure the brightness of stars as they cross the earth's horizon.

EFT electronic funds transfer {21 SW/FMFP}

Efu-Robot Device on Salyut-7 to conduct biotechnological experiments.

EGP end-game processor_ equipotential ground plane_ experimental geodetic payload...Japanese satellite (aka "Ajisai," which means hydrangea) launched 12 Aug 86 to obtain earth crustal movements and other geodetic data. 2.15m-diameter sphere carrying 120 sets of corner cube reflectors and mirrors. Approximately 1500 km circular orbit. Two-stage H-1 launch vehicle.

EHFS extremely high frequency subsystem {Milstar}

E2I endoatmospheric/exoatmospheric interceptor {BMDO}

EIA electrical integration assembly {Milstar}_ Electronic Industries Association

EID electronic identification {TAB93-1}_ Engineering Integration Division, Griffiss AFB NY 13441-5000 {ECAMP}

EIE external interface element...DSM command and control segment

EIF entry into force {START}

EIM engine item manager

EIRP equivalent isotropically radiated power...the power that would need to be fed into an isotropic antenna to match the flux level from an actual antenna {Satellite Notebook #19}

EKMS electronic key management system {C4SMP}

Ekstinktsia Geophysical experiment on Salyut-7 to determine the density of aerosol layers in the atmosphere.

ELANT east Atlantic...DSCS III satellite at 12_W longitude; also called EASTLANT

ELC execute launch command {20 AF}

ELDO European Launch and Development Organization...obsolete; formed in 1964, combined with ESRO in 1975 to form European Space Agency (ESA). Used the Woomera Test Range. The Eldo Hotel is still active as the only temporary quarters in the area.

ELEV elevation

Eload executable load {AFSPC/DOT}

ELRAD earth-limb radiance equipment...experiment to measure earth-limb radiance for various positions of the sun from near-limb up to 9_ below earth horizon

ELSI enhanced long-wave spectrometer/imager {NAVSPACECOM}

E-MAIL electronic mail

EMARV evader maneuvering reentry vehicle {NAVSPACECOM}

Embratel Empresa Brasileira de Telecommunicacoes...Brazil's telecommunications operator; see "Brazilsat"

EMF electromagnetic field_ electromotive force

EML electromagnetic levitation payload...Shuttle experiment to observe the flow of the surface of a containerless molten metal_ electromagnetic launcher (rail gun)

EMP electromagnetic pulse...a lightning-like phenomenon associated with nuclear explosions, which can damage electronic components over great distances

EMPRESS expert mission planning and replanning scheduling system...AI-related planning and scheduling system for Shuttle cargo operations

EMR electromagnetic radiation

EMRLD excimer mid-range Raman-shifted laser device...blue-green spectrum repetitively pulsed laser device using xenon, nitrogen- trifluoride and neon

EMS equipment management section {50 LG}

EMT electrical metallic tubing_ electromechanical team {20 AF}_ emergency medical technician_ external momentum trap

EMUT enhanced manpack UHF (ultra high frequency) terminal {Army}

EN enabled state {20 AF}

ENCAP-C enhanced capability-communications {NAVSPACECOM}

ENDS enhanced nuclear detonation safety {20AF}

ENE east-northeast

Energia CIS HLV (SL-X-17) used for Shuttle-class launches...four main engines and four strap-on liquid fuel rockets generate about 8.8 million lbs of thrust.

ENN emergency notification net {50 SW/CP}

ENS ensign {USN}

EOC early operational capability_ element operations center {GPALS}_ end of contact

EOD end of day_ explosive ordnance disposal

EODET early orbit determination...part of USSPACECOM's space surveillance mission

EOM end of mission {NASA}_ end of month_ environmental observation mission...a short Spacelab pressurized module designed to refly experiments whose scientific value degraded because of delays in the launch of Spacelab 1

EORSAT ELINT (electronic intelligence) ocean reconnaissance satellite...CIS constellation used to detect and target naval forces

EOS earth observing system {NASA}_ electrophoresis operation in space...McDonnell Douglas production prototype space drug processing unit

Eosat Earth Observing Satellite Co...joint venture of MMC Astro Electronics Division and Hughes, selected by Department of Commerce to operate Landsat {AW&ST, 24 Sep 84}

EOT end of tape {AFSCN}

EOTDA electro-optical tactical decision aid {AFSPC/DOG}

EOY end-of-year

EP emergency procedure {TAB93-1}_ engagement planning {USSPACECOM/J6N}_ extraction procedure {ECAMP}

EPABX electronic private automated branch exchange {AFSCN}

EPAC east Pacific...DSCS III satellite at 135_W longitude; also called EASTPAC_ electronics package

EPAF European participating air force

EPC early Pentagon connectivity_ environmental protection committee {AFSPC/DEPV}

EPDCC entry portal display control console {CSOC SCS}

EPDS electrical power and distribution subsystem

EPG electronic proving ground_ European participating government

EPHCLK ephemeris clock {DMSP}

ephemerides A table showing the positions of an object in space at regular intervals in time. Plural, pronounced "eff-eh-'mare-ih-deez" (singular form is "ephemeris").

EPI environmental practice issue {ECAMP}

EPIRB emergency position-indicating radio beacon

EPN engineering project number {BMEWS Site III}

EPO emergency power off {50 CES}_ engineering project office

EPRCO Exxon Production Research Company {Shuttle}

EPS electrical power (sub)system_ encapsulated PostScript {sic} {AFSC2S}

EPWG engagement planning working group {USSPACECOM/J6N}

EQUAL enlisted quarterly assignments listing {AFMPC}

Equator NASA ISTP-related satellite to study how plasma blows into the earth's atmosphere.

equatorial orbit A satellite in an equatorial orbit passes only over the equator and not over the northern or southern hemisphere. Its field of view depends on its altitude. A nominal 22,300 mile altitude equatorial orbit will yield a field of view between 60_N and 60_S latitudes.

ER Eastern Range (45 SW), Patrick AFB FL 32925-5000...includes Patrick AFB, Cape Canaveral AFS, and downrange stations; hosts DDMS...formerly ESMC_ emergency room_ enhanced radiation_ environment reduction...SGEMP hardening technique that reduces photon intensity incident on a surface or reduces electron emission efficiency of the surface_ established reliability

ERBS earth radiation budget satellite...Goddard Space Flight Center 500 lb satellite deployed 5 Oct 84 on STS 41-G; built by Ball Aerospace, see "ESSA"

ERCS ECM (electronic countermeasures)-resistant communications_ emergency rocket communications system

ERD estimated range deviation {GPS}

ERG executive review group {AFSPC/DOM}

Erinsat Ireland's Ku-band direct broadcast satellite.

ERINT extended-range interceptor {BMDO}

ERIS economic resource impact statement {AFR 170-4}_ exoatmospheric RV (reentry vehicle) interceptor system...part of the Army's non-nuclear ground-based BMD program, probably a multi-stage lightweight ground-launched interceptor; see "HEDS" and "AOA"

ERM envirnomental resources management {ECAMP}

ERRC expendability-recoverability-repairability code {BMEWS Site III}

ERS emergency relocation site_ European remote sensing {NASA}_ earth resources satellite...two different ERS programs:

- ESA-sponsored proposed microwave ocean monitoring satellite

- Japanese program to carry synthetic aperture radar and a visible/near infrared radiometer; also called J-ERS-1

ERT estimated response time {50 SPS}

ERU equipment replacement unit {GPS}

ES equipment specialist

E/S earth station {AFSCN}

ESA earth sensor assembly {DMSP}_ electronically scanned array_ emergency sun acquisition {NATO IVB}_ European Space Agency; 14 member nations: Austria, Belgium, Demark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (Canada is not technically a member but has a special relationship as a non- member contributor). Provides for and promotes cooperation among member states in space reseach and technology and its applications. Satellite test and integration centers at Toulouse, France; Ottobrunn, West Germany; and Noordwijk, Netherlands.

ESAT escort satellite {NAVSPACECOM}

ESC Electronic Security Command...obsolete, now AIA_ Electronic Systems Center (AFMC), Hanscom AFB MA 01731- 5000...formerly ESD_ environmental support center

escape velocity The velocity that an orbiting object must possess, at a given orbital position, to escape from the gravitational field of a central body. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

ESD Electronic Systems Division...obsolete, now ESC_ electrostatic discharge {BMEWS Site III}_ environmental sensing device {20AF}

ESE east-southeast

ESI Electro Space Inc._ environmental severity index {20 AF}

ESM EW (electronic warfare) support measure_ experiment support module

ESMC Eastern Space and Missile Center...now Eastern Range_ emulated system master clock_ engineering services and modification contract...SMC Det 5 ARTS contract with Loral

ESOC earth station ownership committee...established by the FCC in 1966, provided that Comsat Corp., AT&T Co., RCA Corp., and ITT Corp. would jointly own multipurpose stations that handle U.S. traffic on Intelsat satellites_ emergency supply operations center {DLA}_ European space operations center {ESA}

ESP EHF signal processor {Milstar}_ emergency and special projects {AFSCN}_ encryptor support package_ error someplace {AFSPC/FM}_ extra sensory perception

ESR equipment status report (AFSCN)

Esrange Swedish Space Corp. sounding rocket facility (at 68_N latitude) being considered as launch facility for polar orbiting satellites.

ESS electronic security system_ energy storage subsystem...space station power system component_ environmental stress screening_ equipment support system

ESSA electronically switched spherical array...carried on ERBS (earth radiation budget satellite) for use with TDRSS, also being built for Cosmic Background Explorer and for use as GPS ground terminals_ environmental satellite service administration...second-generation near-polar weather satellite using TV vidicon cameras to provide global cloud coverage data every 24 hours. Preceded by TIROS, followed by ITOS.

EST Eastern Standard Time_ equipment status telemetry {DMSP}

ESTEC ESA's European Space Research and Technology Center, Noordwijk, Netherlands

ET European terminal...a warning display terminal upgraded with limited processing capability; renamed theater display terminal (TDT)_ external tank...the propellant tank that supplies liquid hydrogen and oxygen to the Shuttle during boost {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}_ extraterrestrial

ETAC environmental technical applications center {AFSPC/DOG}

etc et cetera...Latin, "and all the rest"

ETC Eastern Telegraph Company...C&W predecessor {ASCN}

ETCA Etudes Techniques et Constructions Aerospatiales...Belgian aerospace manufacturer

ETIC estimated time in commission {AFSCN}

ETM+ enhanced thematic mapper plus {LANDSAT}

ETS engineering test satellite...Japanese design to test communication systems used on aircraft and ground vehicles; also called "Kiku." First launch 11 Feb 81.

ETWG EMC (electromagnetic compatibility)/TEMPEST working group {CSOC}

EU electronic unit {Milstar}

EUAPS external user antenna pointing system {AFSCN}

EUCOM European Command

Eumetsat European management organization to oversee space and ground segments of Meteosat.

EUMR emergency unsatisfactory material report {BMEWS Site III}

EUR Europe

Eureca European retrievable carrier...ESA free-flying, self-sufficient, industrial/scientific spacecraft launched from and retrieved by the Shuttle; MBB/ERNO is the prime contractor

Eureka European research coordinating program...does research in areas such as high-powered computers, lasers, artificial intelligence and microprocessors. Viewed as a peaceful, high-technology program in contrast to U.S.-European cooperation on BMD.

Europesat Proposed European-wide direct broadcast satellite (DBS)...successor to individual country DBS satellites currently under development.

Eurosatellite German-French industrial consortium...includes ANT-Nachrichtentechnik, GmbH; Thompson-CSF; MBB; AEG-Telefunken; and SNIAS. Headquartered in Munich.

Eurostar Next-generation ECS, designed for Ariane 4 or Shuttle/PAM-D2 launch; direct TV broadcast, initial applications include UK's Unisat and French Athos.

Eutelsat European telecommunications satellite organization...formed in 1977 to establish telecommunications for intra-European and national relay services, responsible for ECS-series spacecraft; 24 countries participating.

EUV extreme ultraviolet...electromagnetic spectral band between ultraviolet and X-ray

EUVE extreme ultraviolet explorer...JPL project to make the first all-sky map in the EUV band (100-1000 angstroms)

eV electron volt...the energy acquired by an electron when it travels from the negative to the positive terminal of a one-volt battery {Scientific American, Dec 92}

EVA extravehicular activity...any task performed by astronauts while wearing a pressurized spacesuit outside the confines of a pressurized compartment {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

EVCF Eastern Vehicle Checkout Facility, Patrick AFB FL...was a line item in the Loral NSP contract for FY92 but is being pulled in favor of a mobile TT&C unit

EWN European warning network {TW/AA}

EWO emergency war order {20 AF}

EWR early warning radar {USSPACECOM/J6N}

EWTTY European warning teletype {TW/AA}

Excel Repetitively pulsed multi-joule output xenon-chloride laser being developed under a Navy contract as part of SlcSat (submarine laser communications satellite).

EXOS experimental observation satellite...Japanese series of satellites for scientific research. The first satellite (Mu-3H, called "Kyokkoh") was launched 4 Feb 78 to observe auroral phenomena.

Exosat ESA X-ray satellite...launched 26 May 83 from Vandenberg AFB on a Delta 3914 booster, provides continuous observations of X-ray sources

exp The exponential function "e."

Explorer Launched 31 Jan 58, the first U.S. satellite (Army); Jupiter C booster.

Express Star Federal Express Ku-band communications satellite.

EXT external

EXUS external user {AFSCN}

F chi-square cumulative distribution functionÞ Fahrenheit...F = (9/5)(C) + 32Þ failure {20 AF}Þ fixed, e.g., AN/FPSÞ FOXTROT {military phonetics alphabet}Þ full

FAC functional account code {AFSPC/PK}

FACCS Falcon AFB activation coordination and control system {SMC}

FACI first article configuration inspection {NASA}

FACSFAC fleet area control and surveillance facility {C4SMP}

FAD fighter alert detachment {C4SMP}Þ first article delivered {20AF)Þ flexible adaptive defenseÞ force/activity designator: {AFM 67-1, Vol II Part 2, 1 Mar 82}

FADVIG Confederation of Danish Employers in Greenland

FAFB Fairchild AFB, Spokane WA...DMSP FSOC siteÞ Falcon AFB (formerly Falcon AFS), Colorado Springs CO. The newest AFB in CONUS since Minot and Grand Forks were completed in Jan 57. 5320 acres, home of the 50th Space Wing and the NTF. Handles 40% of the 33,000 AFSCN contacts quarterly (Onizuka AFB handles the other 60%). 450,000 meals annually in the Air Force's largest ala carte dining hall. The largest standby power plant in the Air Force.

FAIR AFSCN call sign for 6 SOPS Det 1 (formerly 5 SOPS), Fairchild AFB WA. {DMSP}

FAM functional area manager {SIP}

FARM functional area records manager {CSOC}

FARR FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)/Air Force radar replacement {C4SMP}

FARRWG future AFSCN requirements review working group

FAS Federation of American ScientistsÞ forward acquisition sensors

FASCAP fast payback capital investment program {AFSPC/XP}

FASTC Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology Center...obsolete; formerly FTD, now NAIC

FAT functional area team {SMC Det 5}

FB facilities board {SR 27-2}

FB-1 Fengbao-1 ("Storm-1")...a 2-stage PRC launch vehicle also called CZ-2; a derivative of the CSS-X-4 ICBM, can put 2600 lb in low earth orbit

FBAT force balance acceleration transducer {20 AF}

FBCS fixed base crew station

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBIS foreign broadcast information service

FBO fixed base operator

FBV frequency bias value {GPS}

FCCM flight code controller manager {DMSP}

FCCR flight code change request {DMSP}

FCFS first come, first served

FCMDR flight commander {50 SW}

FCO field change order {BMEWS Site III}Þ flight control officer

FCR fire control radar {TAB93-1}Þ flight control room (at JSC for Shuttle operations)

FCRC federal contract research center...government-sponsored nonprofit research centers; four support the Air Force: Rand Corp. (broad perspectives), Lincoln Laboratory of MIT (experimental satellites), MITRE Corp. (C3), and Aerospace Corp. (national space programs). OSD uses the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA).

FCS federal catalog system {DLA}Þ flight control systemÞ full communications service/encryption {C4SMP}

FD first deploymentÞ force direction {USSPACECOM/J6}

FDDI fiber distributed data interface {ACEM}

FDE fluid dynamics experiment...Shuttle payload simulating the behavior of liquid propellants in low gravity

FD/FI failure detection/fault isolation {20AF}

FDIN Falcon digital integrated network...T3 backbone

FDIO flight data input/output {AFSPC/DOG}

FDO fee determining officialÞ flight dynamics officer {NASA}Þ foreign disclosure office {BMDO}

FDOB fighter deployed operating base {C4SMP}

FDR Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32d president of the United States, 1933-1945

FDU fiber distribution unit {AFSCN}Þ frequency distribution unit {Milstar}

FDX full duplex {AFSCN}

FE failure-excluded {20 AF}

FEBA forward edge of the battle area

FEC forward error correction

FedEx Federal Express

FedNet Proposed Federal Express Ku-band comsat...expansion of Zap-Mail 2-hr delivery service

FEE French Echocardiograph Equipment...Shuttle experiment to get on-orbit cardiovascular system data (formerly ECHO)

FEIS final environmental impact statement

FEO Federation of Economic Organizations...Japanese national management-industrial participant in NASA space station program

FEP facilities excellence planÞ flight experiment programÞ FLTSATCOM EHF packageÞ front end processor

FERT force enhancement resource team {AFSPC/XP}

FEST Falcon (AFB) engineering support team

FFA federal facility agreement {EPA}

FFCA Federal Facility Compliance Act (EPA)...pending Congressional approval

FFG fixed frequency generator {Milstar}

FFRDC federally funded research and development center...there are more than 30 FFRDCs chartered to support federal agencies, and three types of military FFRDCs: study and analysis centers (e.g., RAND), research and development (e.g., Lincoln Labs), and systems engineering/systems integration (e.g., The Aerospace Corporation)

FFS fee for service {DBOF}Þ formatted file system

FG foreign government {BMDO}

F&G elements - Equinoctial elements...a system of orbital elements used to avoid low eccentricity and low inclination difficulties with the Keplerian element set; includes AF, AG, c (chi), y (psi), L and N (also see "Keplerian elements"):

- "AF" and "AG" are each functions of both eccentricity (e) and argument of perigee (w). AF and AG are used because the Keplerian argument of perigee is ambiguous for nearly circular orbits (where e approaches zero).

- c and y are each functions of both inclination (i) and right ascension of the ascending node (W). c and y are used because the Keplerian right ascension is ambiguous for low inclination orbits (where i approaches zero).

- "L" contains a satellite's mean anomaly, "N" is its mean motion.

FGSt fixed ground station {AFSPC/DOP}

FIC FORSCOM (Forces Command) intelligence center {C4SMP}

FIFO first in, first out

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FIG figure

FIIG federal item identification guide {DLA}

Finansat financial satellite...proposed private satellite system owned and operated by Financial Satellite Corp

Finegayan U.S. Navy DSCS facility at Guam

FIPS federal information processing standards

FIREX far infrared balloon experiment {NASA}Þ free-flying imaging radar experiment

firmware A computer term referring to software incorporated within hardware.

FIS facility installation standardsÞ foreign intelligence service {AFSPC/IN}

FISC Falcon (AFB) integration support contract

FISINT foreign instrumentation signals intelligence {OPSEC}

FIST fleet imagery support terminal {NAVSPACECOM}

FITW federal income tax withholding {IRS}

FLAGE flexible lightweight agile guided experiment...Army experimental ground-based anti-missile interceptor successfully tested 27 Jun 86 against an F-4-launched drone target traveling three times the speed of sound at impact

FL/FI fault localization/fault isolation

FLIP foreign launch information program {NAVSPACECOM}

FLIPS flight information publications {AFSPC/DOG}

FLIR forward-looking infrared {TAB93-1}

FLR forward-looking radar

FLRA Federal Labor Relations Authority

FLT flight

FLTSATCOM - fleet satellite communications...supplies low data rate communications for tactical mobile units; used by the Navy for fleet operations, and for contingency operations and special requirements. The three-axis stabilized satellite has 23 UHF and SHF channels: 10 exclusively for Navy use, 12 for AFSATCOM, and one 500 KHz channel for the NCA. Spacecraft weight approximately 4100 lb going into transfer orbit. SPAWAR is the SPO; SMC acquires the launch segment. TT&C provided by 3 SOPS through SOC-33. To be replaced by UFO.

- F-1, launched Feb 78, provides Atlantic Ocean coverage

FM fighting mirrorÞ force management {USSPACECOM/J6}Þ frequency modulationÞ friendly magic {GPS}

FMC fully mission capable

FMDS flight model discharge system...charge-control system being developed by Hughes to overcome electrical charge build-up on satellites

FMEA failure modes and effects analysis

FMECA failure modes, effects and criticality analysis {USSPACECOM/J6N}

FMFIA Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act (of 1982)...Public Law 97-255

FMI functional management inspection...obsolete, now FMR

FMIS force management information system {AFSPC/DOC}

FMLN Farabundo Murti National Liberation Front

FMOF first manned orbital flight {NASA}

FMP false message probability {USSPACECOM/J6}

FMPT first material processing test...34 Japanese space experiments to be flown on Shuttle

FMR ferromagnetic resonanceÞ functional management review...formerly FMI {AF/IG}

FMS facility monitoring system {9 MWS}Þ fixed/mobile standardÞ flight management systemÞ force management system {C4SMP}Þ foreign military sales

FNG friendly new guy/gal

FOB follow-on buy {AFSPC/XP}Þ forward operating baseÞ found on baseÞ freight on board

FOD foreign object damage

FOFA follow-on forces attack {NATO}

FOHM Falcon and Onizuka hardware maintenance...proposed (and cancelleld) contract previously called Falcon (AFB) organizational hardware maintenance contract

FOIA Freedom of Information Act {AFR 175-4}

FOL fiber optic linkÞ forward operating location {C4SMP}

FONSI finding of no significant impact {ECAMP}

footprint The area on the surface of the earth within a satellite's transmitter or sensor field of view.

Fordsat 54-transponder comsat being developed for Ford Aerospace Satellite Services Corp.

FORSCOM Forces Command

FOSIC fleet ocean surveillance information center {TW/AA}

FOSIF fleet ocean surveillance information facility {C4SMP}

FOV field of view {TAB93-1}

FPE French postural experiment...Shuttle experiment to study sensory-motor adaptation in

FPP facility program panel {AFSPC/CE}

fps feet per second

FPS fence protection system {CSOC SCS}Þ fixed position search (radar)

frag order fragmentary order...an abbreviated operations order

FRCI fibrous refractory composite insulation...lighter Shuttle tile material first used on Discovery

French Guiana Space Centre - CNES/ESA launch facility located near Kourou, French Guiana (5.1409°N latitude, 52.4629°W longitude). Ariane launch site; three launch complexes (ELA-1-3).

FREQ frequency

FROG free rocket over ground {CIS}

FRP Federal Radionavigation Plan {DOD/DOT}Þ fire-resistant plutonium pits {20AF}

FRR flight readiness review {NASA}

FS facilities segment {CSOC ILSP}Þ frequency standard {GPS}

FSA fuel storage area {CCAS}Þ functional system audit {AFSCN}

FSC Federal Service Corporation {30 SW}Þ federal supply classÞ fleet support cell {NAVSPACECOM}Þ flight support computer {CDC3800}

FSD IBM's Federal Systems Division, 800 N Fredrick Ave, Gaithersburg MD 20879...FOR SALE {P1BMCS}Þ full-scale development

FSL flight simulation laboratoryÞ forward supply locationÞ full system list {AFSCN}

FSOC Fairchild Satellite Operations Center, Fairchild AFB WA {DMSP}

FSP force structure panel {PRC}

FSS federal supply scheduleÞ fixed satellite serviceÞ fixed service structure {Shuttle}Þ flight service station {AFSPC/DOG}

FSSC Fleet Surveillance Support Command (FLTSURVSUPPCOM)...third-echelon activity under the administrative control of NAVSPACECOM. Maintains and operates Navy ROTHR (relocatable over-the-horizon radar). OPCOM rests with Fleet Commanders...see "ROTHR"

FSST forward space support in theater {SWC}

FTD Florists' Transworld Delivery (since 1910)Þ Foreign Technology Division...obsolete, now NAIC

FTDI fluid transfer dynamic investigation...Shuttle experiment to evaluate fluid dynamics associated with filling capillary/screen retention propellant tanks

FTL Falcon Technical Library

FTP file transfer protocol {AFSC2S}

FTS Federal Telephone Service {50 MS}Þ flight termination system {Titan IV}

FTSDM fleet tactical space defense missile {NAVSPACECOM}

FTS-DTF flight telerobotic servicer-demonstration test flight...the demonstration test flight of a telerobotic system being developed for the Space Station to assist in attached payload assembly and maintenance, in-situ platform and satellite servicing, assembly and inspection

FTX field training exercise {USSPACECOM}

FUB facilities utilization board {50 SW}

FUBAR fouled up beyond all recognition

FUN fantastically unbelievable nonsense {OD-4/CC}

FUSE far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer {NASA}

FUSSR former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

FWC filament-wound case {NASA}

FWD forward

FWP Federal Women's Program

FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act

FYDP future years defense program...the basic DOD programming document, the FYDP summarizes the SECDEF-approved programs and is updated three times a year (by the POM, the BES and the President's Budget). Was previously called the "five year" defense program, but name was changed when the budget was extended to cover six years.

FYI for your information

FYP five year plan {CIS}

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

g Force of gravity at the earth's surface, equal to 9.8 m/sec2 or 32.174 ft/sec2.

G giga-...prefix, equals one billion (109)Þ GOLF {military phonetics alphabet}Þ Universal gravitation constant...equal to 6.67x10-11 N-m2/kg2 or 10.69x10-10 ft3/lbm-sec2.Þ green

G2 intelligence

GAG ground/air/ground {C4SMP}

G/AIT ground/airborne IONDS (integrated operational NUDET (nuclear detonation) detection system) global segment terminal

Galaxy Hughes Ku-band cable TV programming satellite, uses a Delta 3920 booster, a PAM-D2 upper stage, and an HS-376 spacecraft bus. Weighs 1222 lb, receives/transmits at 6 GHz up/4 GHz down. Control center in El Segundo CA, TT&C stations in Brooklyn NY and Fillmore CA. First satellite launched 28 Jun 83.

Galileo NASA exploratory probe scheduled to encounter Jupiter.

Gamma 1 CIS heavyweight gamma ray observatory; modified version of Progress resupply vessel; France participated in payload development.

Gapfiller Navy terminology for leased UHF channels on Marisat...fills "gaps" in Navy communication satellite coverage.

GAR ground system anomaly report {AFI10-1208}

GARD gamma radiation detection...experiment to measure gamma radiation levels in Shuttle environment

GAS getaway special...small self-contained payload containers for supporting Shuttle experiments

GAS bridge - getaway special bridge...structure in Shuttle payload bay that can hold up to 12 GAS canisters

GASS Greenland air surveillance system {TW/AA}

GASWG global positioning system (GPS) assured security working group

GATR ground-to-air transmitter/receiver {C4SMP}

Gazelle CIS endoatmospheric ABM.

GBD global burst detector {GPS}

GBI ground-based interceptor {BMDO}Þ gyro bottoming indicator {20 AF}

GBR ground-based radar {TW/AA}

GBR-T ground-based radar--terminal

Gbyte gigabyte (109 bytes)

GC general counselÞ Greenland contractorsÞ ground controller...the copilot for a satellite

G&C guidance and control

GCA guidance and control assemblyÞ gyro compass assembly {20AF}

GC4A global C4 (command, control, communications and computers) assessment {C4SMP}

GCC Greenland Commanders' Conference {POGO}

GCD global connectivity demonstration {DSP}

GCI ground-controlled intercept {TAB93-1}

GCN ground communications network {C4SMP}Þ ground control network {AFTAC}

GDB Database management software CPCI. {Milstar}

GDC General DataComm Systems, Inc.Þ General Data CorporationÞ General Dynamics Convair Aerospace DivisionÞ graphic display console {C4SMP}

GDE operational database executive. A Milstar configuration software component.

G-DEST general destination...Department of Commerce export license

GDIP general defense intelligence program

GDSSC General Dynamics Space Systems Division

GE General Electric Co, Space Systems Division, Valley Forge PA...aerospace manufacturerÞ Germany

GE-ASD General Electric Aeronautical Systems Division

GED global event detector

GEN general

GENESSIS generic scene simulation software

GENTEL General Telephone Company

GEODSS ground-based electro-optical deep space surveillance...network to identify and track orbiting objects; IOC 1983. Includes sites at Socorro, NM; Maui, Hawaii; and Diego Garcia. Can see a soccer ball-size object at geosynchronous orbit; has discovered about 40,000 1cm-size objects in low and medium earth orbit. Contractor O&M with USAF quality assurance evaluators (QAEs). Limited to night-time operations.

GEOEX.86 Intercosmos-sponsored experiment conducted Jun 86 in East Germany to study dynamics of different types of geosystems.

GEOS geodynamic experimental ocean satelliteÞ geomagnetic earth observation system...ESA geomagnetic field study spacecraft launched in association with the International Magnetospheric Study. Launched from ETR on a Delta into a Molniya orbit. 573 kg each. First GOES satellite launched 20 Apr 77.

Geosat U.S. Navy ocean survey satellite. Naval Research Lab-funded 1400 lb spacecraft built by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Launched 12 Mar 85 on an Atlas-E from Vandenberg AFB.

Geostar Commercial satellite to provide position information and two-way message service. Three-satellite constellation being designed by Geostar (Sony/Hughes). Accuracy within 0.5 mi CEP.

geostationary - A particular geosynchronous orbit. The geostationary orbit is circular at an altitude of 35,786 km (orbital radius of 42,164 km) with zero inclination (in the plane of the earth's equator) and direct (in the same direction as the rotation of the earth). It is characterized by the apparently stationary position of the orbiting body above a fixed point on the equator. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

geosynchronous - An orbit where the period equals the earth's rotation, approximately 35,786 km, 22,300 mi or 19,325 NM above the surface of the earth. Also called "GEO."

Geotail Japanese ISTP-related scientific satellite to be launched into the earth's geotail to provide energy measurements.

GESAT Munich consortium to design, develop, and market versions of DFS Kopernikus.

GETS government emergency telecommunications service {TW/AA}

GeV giga-electron volt(s) (109 eV)

GEX Executive services software CPCI. {Milstar}

GFY government fiscal year

G&G geodetic and geophysical {20 AF}

GI government issue

Giacobini-Zinner - Comet named after its two early 20th century discoverers. Target of the first rendezvous of a man-made object with a comet on 11 Sep 85.

GIB guy in back...pilot term

GIF graphics interchange format {AFSC2S}

GIFAS Groupement des Industries Francaises Aeronautiquest et Spatiales...French industry organization

gigabits A computer term meaning one billion bits.

gigaflops A computer term meaning one billion floating-point operations per second.

GIGO garbage in, garbage out...computer term

G-I-N Greenland-Iceland-Norway {TW/AA}

Giotto ESA spacecraft launched Jul 85 for Halley's Comet rendezvous Mar 86.

GIS geographical information system {FAFB}

GITIS government integrated technical information system {USSPACECOM/J6N}

G-I-UK Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom {TW/AA}

GL Greenland

GLASAT ground-launched anti-satellite {NAVSPACECOM}

Glavkosmos - CIS civilian space agency. Main administrator for the creation and use of space technology for the economy and for scientific research. Responsible for commercial activities; coordinator between space-related agencies and procedures of space hardware; main point of contact with other countries for cooperative space missions.

GLC great little car {Mazda}

Glomr global low-orbiting message relay...62-sided, 150 lb DARPA experimental data relay satellite designed to communicate with sensors left in remote areas. Failed to eject from a GAS canister on STS 51-B. Launched 31 Oct 85 on STS 61-A.

GLONASS global navigation satellite system...CIS navigation satellite constellation. Three to four satellites in each of three orbital planes, all in 20,000 km circular 12-hour orbits inclined 63°.

GM general managerÞ ground mobile {Milstar}

GMD global missile defense {USSPACECOM/J6N}

GMI ground maintenance interrogation {20 AF}

GMR ground maintenance response {20 AF}Þ ground mobile radar {C4SMP}

GMS geostationary meteorological satellite...Japanese weather satellite (also called "Himawari," which means sun flower) developed by Nippon Electronics Company (NEC)/Hughes. Launched from Tanegashima Space Center.

GNC guidance and navigation computer {NASA}Þ guidance, navigation and control

GNP gross national product

GNSS global navigation satellite systems {AW&ST, 19 Oct 92}

GNT ground NDS (NUDET (nuclear detonation) detection system) terminal {ICADS}

GNW general nuclear war {C4SMP}

GO general officer

GOAL ground operations aerospace language...high-level computer language used at Cape Canaveral in all ground checkouts of Shuttle program

GOCESS government-operated civil engineering supply store

GOES geostationary operational environmental satellite...geostationary weather satellite operated by NOAA; first launch 17 May 74. Primary data acquisition station at Wallops Island VA. Proposed follow-on is "GOES Next" with a design life of 5 years; Atlas-Centaur launch.

GOF group of forces {CIS}

GOFR geolocation of RFI (radio frequency interference) {NAVSPACECOM}

GOJ Government of Japan

GOMS geostationary operational meteorological satellite...proposed CIS meteorological satellite

GORG general officer review group {NAVSPACECOM}

Gorizont CIS geosynchronous comsat series. Gorizont-5 (15 Mar 82) tested the Luch (11-14 GHz) and the Volna (1.5-1.6 GHz) SHF transponders.

GOSG general officer steering group

GOSIP government open systems interconnection profile...computer software protocol

GP general perturbationÞ general practitionerÞ groupÞ gravity probe...scientific probe to test Einstein's theory of relativity:

- GP-81 will test precision gyroscopes and support systems; Shuttle launch

- GP-92 will be a free-flying payload to verify aspects of Einstein's theory using sensitive, superconducting gyroscopes

G-P Grubbs-Patnaik formula for CEP calculation {20 AF}

gpcd gallons per capita per day {EPA}

GPIB general purpose interface bus {AFSCN}

GPM gallon(s) per minute

GPR Procedure generator; a Milstar configuration software component.

GPS global protection systemÞ global positioning system...a satellite constellation that provides highly accurate position, velocity and time navigation information to users. LEO and anomaly resolution provided by 1SOPS through SOC-31A. Mission ops provided by 2 SOPS through MCS. 24 satellites in six planes: four R&D spacecraft (smaller, curved solar panels) still operational, 20 production spacecraft (larger, flat panels). Launched from Cape Canaveral (LC-17) on a McDonnell-Douglas Delta II 7925 booster with nine Hercules GEMs (graphite epoxy motors) and a PAM-D (McDonnell-Douglas) upper stage. OIS burn uses 1940 lb fuel in 58 sec. 10,998 NM circular, 55° inclined orbits; 12-hr (semisynchronous) period. Times of ground tracks, nodal crossings and coverage gaps advance four minutes a day. The 24-satellite constellation provides 24 hrs/day 3-D coverage (four satellites in view at all times). F-16s and B-52s must have 3-D GPS coverage to be operational; PAVE LOW helicopters need only 2-D.

GRANAS global radio navigation satellite...West German navsat concept proposing six satellites in GEO and 12 in highly elliptic orbits with 12-hour periods

GRANCAP global range capability (DOD PE 6494OD)...formerly STR

gravity gradient torque - Torque on a vehicle or structure resulting from the fact that the gravity force distribution is not uniform in direction and magnitude throughout the vehicle or structure. For example, the lower end of a beam tipped from the horizontal has stronger gravity pull than the upper end, resulting in a torque tending to rotate the beam vertically. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

GRE graduate record examination

GRID graphic interactive display

Grille Belgian Spacelab 1 spectrometer atmospheric instrument scheduled to be reflown on EOM-1.

GRO gamma ray observatory. NASA GSFC satellite to observe and measure extraterrestrial gamma ray sources.

ground trace Projection of a spacecraft's path (in space) on the earth's surface. {AIAA, 12 Jun84}

GRS global resource serialization {GPS}Þ guidance replacement system {20AF}

GRT Command and control software CPCI. {Milstar}

GRTAD GPS Block IIR TAD (training augmentation device)

GRU General Staff Intelligence Service {CIS}

GS general schedule {DLA}Þ glideslope {AFSPC/DOG}Þ government service

GSAC ground support associate contractor {45 SW}

GSBCA General Services Administration Board of Contracts Appeal

GSC ground systems controller

GSD general support division {DMRD 904}

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA), Greenbelt MD 20771...named for Dr. Robert H. Goddard

GSI government source inspection

GSMF ground system management facility {DMSP}

GS/MST ground station/mixed simulator tester {UFO}

GSOC German space operations center...located at Oberpfaffenhofen, near Munich; controls German space probes, satellites and Spacelab experiments {Spacewatch, 15 Jun 85}

GSP gyro stabilized platform {20 AF}

GST ground system test

GStar Comsat carrying 16 transponders...weighs 715 kg, TT&C station in McLean, VA. First GStar launched 7 May 85.

GSTDN ground spaceflight tracking and data network...NASA backup (behind TDRSS) C2 net

GSTS ground-based surveillance and tracking system...a BMDO defensive system to track missiles in mid-course and through atmospheric re-entry

GT Gazette Telegraph...Colorado Springs CO newspaperÞ Glory Trip {20 AF}

GTAD GPS TAD (training augmentation device)

GTE General Telephone and Electronics Corp...U.S. telecommunications manufacturerÞ GEODSS (ground-based electro-optical deep space surveillance) transportable eraÞ global tropospheric experiments {NASA}Þ government test equipment

GTES GTE Service Corporation

GTR government transportation request

GTS global timing systemÞ ground test station {20 AF}Þ Guam Tracking Station...see "GUAM"

GUAM AFSCN call sign for Guam Tracking Station (GTS), one of nine RTSs in the common user element of the AFSCN. GUAM (14°N latitude, 145°E longitude) is near the island's northernmost tip on a deactivated airstrip at the old Northwest Field, approximately seven miles from Andersen AFB. GUAM's 60' high-power uplink antenna ("GTS-A") was installed in 1967; ARTS II turnover May92. GUAM's 46' antenna ("GTS-B") was installed in 1978; ARTS turnover Aug92. An unincorporated territory of the United States, Guam is in the micronesian area of the western Pacific, about 3200 miles west of Hawaii, 1500 miles south of Tokyo, and 1300 miles east of Manila. The largest and southernmost island of the Mariana Archipelago, the island is approximately 30 miles long and between four and 12 miles wide, resembling a left foot print. Total land area is 212 square miles. The capital city of Agana is located near the middle of the island's western coast, 15 miles southeast of Andersen AFB. The population of the island is estimated at 142,000, including approximately 20,000 active duty military personnel and their dependents. Local standard time is Z+10 hours.

GWEN ground wave emergency network...VLF overlay to the U.S. telephone system for linking the NCA with USSPACECOM, NORAD, STRATCOM, all strategic bomber and ICBM wings, and PAVE PAWS costal radars

Gyunesh-85 International aerospace experiment conducted under the Intercosmos program, involving space-based, air-based and land- based spectrometry and photography of land formations in the Transcaucasian area.

H high, as in low-medium-highÞ hotÞ HOTEL {military phonetics alphabet}

H-1/H-1A Japanese LH2-LOX three-stage booster, 550 kq-class payloads, first launch Aug 86.

H-2 Proposed Japanese booster for heavy (1500 kq-class) GEO payloads. First launch in early 1992.

H10 High-energy upper stage being designed for Ariane 5. In the same class as Titan IV.

HAB high-altitude burst

HAC higher authority communications {20AF}Þ House Appropriations CommitteeÞ Hughes Aircraft Company...see "Hughes"

HADZ Hawaiian Telco {HULA}

HAF Headquarters Air ForceÞ high altitude fuzing {20 AF}

HAFB Holloman AFB NM

HAIR high-accuracy instrumentation radar...29-ft diameter radar at SLC-1 that would have been used to track Shuttle launches from Vandenberg AFB

HAL high-order assembly language...computer term

Halley's Comet International fly-by Mar 86...see "Giotto," "MS-T5," "Planet A," "Spartan," and "Vega"

Hammaguir The first French launch facility, located in Algeria's Sahara Desert. The French moved operations to Kourou in 1967.

HANE high-altitude nuclear effects {C4SMP}

HAP high accident potentialÞ high-altitude probe

HARDS high-altitude radiation detection system

HAX Haystack auxiliary radar...see "Haystack"

HAY see "Haystack"

Haystack Haystack Observatory. LRIR owned by MIT, operated by Lincoln Laboratory, located in Tyngsboro MA. Augments Space Surveillance Network, provides radar images of near-earth and deep-space satellites. 0.25m resolution of 1 m2 targets at geosynchronous altitude.

HAZCOM hazardous communication

HAZMAT hazardous material

HBT Heflex bioengineering test...Shuttle experiment to determine proper soil moisture content for maximum growth in zero gravity

HC hydrocarbons

HCI horizon crossing indicator {IABS}Þ Hughes Communications IncÞ human-computer interface {50 SSYS}

HCMM heat capacity mapping mission...a sensor launched in 1978 to make precise radiometric measurements of the earth at coarse spatial resolutions

HCS hazard communication standard {AFSPC/CE}

HDA head and disk assembly...MCC DASD component

HDBK handbook

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HDOP horizontal dilution of precision {GPS}

HDR high data rate

HE high energyÞ high explosive {20 AF}

HEAO high-energy astronomical observatory...satellite to study energetic radiation from space

HECO Hawaiian Electrical Company {HULA}

HEDI high endoatmospheric defense interceptor {BMDO}

HEDS high endoatmospheric defense system...part of the Army non-nuclear ground-based BMD program; see "AOA" and "ERIS"

HELAPS high-efficiency linear amplification by parametric synthesis...technology used in developing transponders to link spacecraft to automobiles

HELS high-energy laser system {NAVSPACECOM}

HELSTF high-energy laser systems test facility...located in White Sands Missile Range NM

Hermes Proposed French Ariane 5-compatible small (59 ft-long, 33 ft wing span) manned flight vehicle. CNES Toulouse Space Center the program coordinator between ESA and CNES. Aerospatiale industrial prime contractor; Dassault-Breguet prime for aerodynamic configuration.

Hestia Asteroid scheduled for 1995 fly-by by Tempel-2 comet rendezvous mission.

HEX hexadecimal

HF/DF high frequency/direction findingÞ hydrogen fluoride/deuterium fluoride

HgCdTe mercury-cadmium-telluride...typically referred to as "mercad-telluride," a photoconductive detector material

HH helping hand {50 SPS}

HH-M Hitchhiker-MSFC (version)...payload carrier for intermediate-size experiments conducted in the Shuttle cargo bay

HHQ higher headquarters

HHR high hop rate {Milstar}

HIA held in abeyance {50 LSS/CC}

high drag orbit An orbit changing significantly due to decay; period approaching 87.5 min. {LCU, 15 Jan 84}

HILAT Project to evaluate propagation effects of disturbed plasmas on radar and communications.

HIP handover implementation procedure {50 OPG}Þ hot isostatic processing

Hipparcos ESA geostationary astronomy satellite; Ariane 4 launch, uses a Schmidt telescope to track 100,000 stars to an accuracy of 0.001-0.002 arc-seconds.

HIPS hardcopy imagery processor system {DMSP}

HIRES high resolution imagery reconnaissance system {USSPACECOM/J6N}

HIROIG high-resolution ozone imager {ECAMP}

HIT high impulse transducer {20 AF}Þ homing intercept technology

HIV human immunodeficiency virus...causative agent of AIDS

HLLV heavy-lift launch vehicle...a booster concept designed to transport cargo many times greater in mass and volume than possible with a single Shuttle flight

HLV heavy launch vehicle...a booster capable of putting more than 16,000 kg (35,000 lbm) in low earth orbit (140 km or 100 NM), e.g., Titan IV {AFSPC/DR}

HM hazardous material {AFSPC/CE}

HMDS hexamethyldisylazane...waterproofing chemical used on Shuttle tiles; also called sylazane or silane {AW&ST, 26 Nov 84}

HMG Her Majesty's Government {LION}

HM/HS hardness maintenance/hardness surveillance {DNA}

HMIS hazardous material information system {AFSPC/CE}

H/M/S hours/minutes/seconds

HMSO Her Majesty's Stationery Office {BMEWS Site III}

HN host nation {C4SMP}

HNC heavy nuclei collector...Shuttle experiment to sample actinide nuclei (thorium, uranium, etc.) in cosmic radiation

HOB height of burst {20 AF}

HOE hands-on equipmentÞ holographic optical elementÞ homing overlay experiment...Army non-nuclear BMD experiment. The fourth test flight intercepted a dummy ICBM warhead fired from WSMC toward USAKA's Kwajalein missile range in the Marshall Islands.

Hohmann transfer The two-impulse minimum energy transfer between co-planar orbits. {AIAA, Jun84}

HOI headquarters operating instruction {NDS}

HOJ home on jam {TAB93-1}

HOL higher order language

HOMES Mnemonic for the Great Lakes, i.e., Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior.

HORUS hypersonic orbital upper stage {NAVSPACECOM}

HOT hold off timer {GPS}

Hotol horizontal takeoff and landing launcher...British Aerospace Dynamics unmanned, reusable single-stage launch vehicle being designed to put seven metric tons in 300 km equatorial orbit at half Shuttle's cost. IOC 2004.

HOW handover word {GPS}

HPA high-power amplifierÞ high-power antenna {AFSCN}Þ holding and positioning aid...a stiff articulated arm for holding and positioning a spacecraft, payload or structural element during assembly or construction operations

HPE heat pipe experiment...Shuttle Hitchhiker-G payload

HPFTP high-pressure fuel turbopump {Shuttle}

HPOTP high-pressure oxidizer turbopump {Shuttle}

HPPM high-performance propulsion module...Ford Aerospace/Aerojet Tech Systems proposed competitor to PAM-D2

HPRF high pulse repetition frequency {TAB93-1}

HPTE high-precision tracking experiment...demonstrated the ability to propagate a low power laser through the atmosphere

HPU hydraulic power unit {AFSCN}

HQSTC Headquarters Strike Command {BMEWS Site III}

HR home runÞ hour(s)

HRE Holy Roman Empire

HRMSI high-resolution multispectral stereo imager

HRPT high-resolution picture transmission {NAVSPACECOM}

HRS high-resolution spectrograph...instrument integrated in the Space Telescope to collect galactic and extragalactic ultraviolet emissions

HRSO high-resolution solar observatory...a solar optical telescope to determine the physical processes at work on the sun

HRTS high-resolution telescope spectrograph...NRL Spacelab 2 solar experiment being considered for Sunlab; initially flown by STS 51-F

HSEP hardness surveillance EMP (electromagnetic pulse) program {20 AF}

HSP hardness surveillance program {AFSPC/DOM}

HSSCU hardness surveillance system control unit {20AF}

HST Harry S Truman, 33d president of the United States, 1945-1953Þ Edwin P. Hubble space telescope...developed to observe the universe and gain information about its origin, evolution and disposition of stars and galaxies

HT heavy terminal {AFSCN}

HTF horizontal test facility {30 SW}

HTK hard target kill {20AF}Þ hit-to-kill

HTS Hawaii Tracking Station...see "HULA"Þ high-temperature superconductors {NAVSPACECOM}

Hughes Hughes Aircraft Company, El Segundo, CA; Hughes Aircraft Co.'s Space and Communications Group has five multipurpose satellite designs:

- HS-333 first-generation commercial comsat; 12 channels, Delta launch
- HS-376 second-generation comsat. Can be flown on the Delta 3920 series, on Ariane, or on the Shuttle with a PAM-D. 24- channel cross-polarized C-band and K-band versions have been built. Both use a solid rocket motor for apogee impulse, nickel-cadmium batteries, and monopropellant hydrazine for orbit adjustment. Customers include SBS, Telesat Canada (Anik-

- HS-393 third-generation commercial comsat. C-band and K-band, Shuttle/Ariane 4. 19 transponders - 40 watts of transmit power each. Spin stabilized. Based on HS-376 and Intelsat VI satellites. Integral propulsion with a Minuteman III solid rocket motor for perigee boost, nickel-hydrogen batteries and a bipropellant system for apogee impulse and on-orbit station-keeping. $60M each.

- HW-394 is a U.S. high-power direct TV broadcast satellite. First two delivered to Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. in 1987.

- HW-399 is a lightweight, compact communications satellite for developing nations. Can be launched for one-third the cost of standard communications satellites. Typical payload is 12-channel C-band system using 5 watt traveling-wave tube amplifiers; K-band for fixed service; or UHF for mobile use.

HULA AFSCN call sign for Hawaii Tracking Station (HTS). One of nine RTSs in the common user element of the AFSCN, HULA (also called Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station (KPSTS)) is on the westernmost tip of the island of Oahu at Kaena Point (22°N latitude, 158°W longitude), 40 miles northwest of Honolulu. HULA's 60' antenna ("HTS-A") was installed in 1968; ARTS II turnover Oct 92 includes full DMSPE ("Site 43" SCU and communications hardware provide interconnectivity between DMSPE and the DMSP network) and BMDE capabilities. HULA's 46' antenna ("HTS-B") was installed in 1972; ARTS II completed Nov 90. A collocated GPS monitor station ("HAWAIM") is maintained by Loral as part of the NSP contract. An AN/FPQ-14 radar (owned by 30 SW and managed by Federal Services Corporation) is another tenant at KPSTS, as is an ARIA FLTSATCOM antenna (passive receive only) installed in Aug 92. Local standard time is Z-10 hours (no change in time for Daylight Savings Time).

HVB high voltage breakdown {20 AF}

HVC hardened voice channel {20 AF}

HVI high-velocity interceptor {NAVSPACECOM}

HW hazardous waste {AFSPC/CE}

hydrazine Monopropellant used for satellite station-keeping and orbit adjustment.

i inclination...the angle between the orbit of a satellite and the equator of the earth, measured at the ascending node, is called the angle of inclination. It determines the northernmost and southernmost points on the earth passed over by the satellite; it describes the "tilt" of the orbit relative to the equatorial plane. If a satellite has an inclination of 90°, the satellite is said to be in polar orbit. Orbits with inclinations greater than 90° are called retrograde orbits (see "Retrograde"). The angle of inclination is one element of the Keplerian element set...see "Keplerian elements"

I INDIA {military phonetics alphabet}

IAADS interim automated air defense system {C4SMP}

IAC intelligence analysis cell {C4SMP}

IACG inter-agency consultative group...formed in 1981 to coordinae international Halley's Comet rendezvous efforts. Proved so successful that member countries decided to continue the group to coordinate international participation in the solar terrestrial physics program. Members include ESA, NASA, Intercosmos and Japan. Meets in Padua, Italy.

IADCF interim air defense control facility {TW/AA}

IADS Iceland air defense system {TW/AA}

IAG interagency agreement {EPA}

IAM&AW International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers

IAPS ion auxiliary propulsion system {NAVSPACECOM}

IAR inertial attitude referenceÞ integrated assessment reportÞ invalid alarm rate {CSOC SCS}

IAWG integrated architecture working group

IB impact burst {20 AF}

IBEX infrared balloon experiment {NASA}

IBIT infinite delay time {20 AF}

IBSE initial blood storage equipment...Shuttle experiment to evaluate changes in blood tissue during various storage conditions

IC integrated circuit...a chip of silicon designed to perform a specific function, and containing a combination of many individual electronic components and their metal interconnections {Sandia}Þ integrating contractorÞ intelligence community

ICA independent cost analysis {AFR 173-11}Þ internally controlled area {CSOC SCS}

ICADS integrated correlation and display system...ARGS replacement

ICAF Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Ft Leslie J McNair, Washington DC 20319-6000

ICB installation control board {50 SSYS}Þ installation coordination board {AFSCN}Þ integration control board {SR 27-2}

ICBO International Conference of Building Officials

ICC integrated communications controller...used for wideband applications in conjunction with an advanced version of Fairchild's time-division multiple access (TDMA)Þ Interstate Commerce CommissionÞ item category code {DLA}

ICCS ITW/AA configuration control system {AFSPC/DOT}

ICDCS integrated control display and communications subsystem {CSOC SCS}

ICE independent cost estimateÞ international cometary explorer...NASA spacecraft that became the first spacecraft to rendezvous with a comet (11 Sep 85, Giacobini-Zinner). Originally launched 12 Aug 78 as ISEE-3 to study solar wind, was redesignated ICE and diverted in 1983.

ICECAP information combat exploitation capability {RTIC}

ICEROCC Iceland ROCC (region operations control center) {C4SMP}

ICF interconnect facility {AFSCN}

ICM intelligence correlation module {TBM}

ICN interchangeability control number {AFSCN}Þ interface change notice {SR 27-2}

ICNIA integrated communications navigation identification avionics...USAF PAVE SPRINTER program to replace about a dozen dedicated communication and navigation subsystems; potential applications in next-generation satellites

I&CO installation and checkout {CSOC}

ICP inventory control point {AFSCN}

ICPR intercomputer processor replacement {TW/AA}

ICR integrating contractor representative {AFSCN}Þ internal control review...nonappropriated funds term

ICS integrated communications system...see "NATO III"Þ intelligence community staff

ICT initial commit time {20 AF}

ICU intensive care unitÞ interface control unit {C4SMP}

IDC installation design criteria {AFSCN}

IDCE intrasite data control equipment

IDCG intrasite data circuit group

IDE intrusion detection equipment {CAPE}

IDF intermediate distribution frame {AFSCN}

IDHS intelligence data handling system {TW/AA}

IDHSC IDHS (intelligence data handling system) communications {C4SMP}

IDHS-II intelligence data handling system, phase II {TW/AA}

IDMT independent duty medical technician

IDS interface design specificationÞ intrusion detection system {50 SPS}

IDSL integration data system library {AFSCN}

IDT independent duty technician {AFSCN}

i.e. id est...Latin, "that is"

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017

IEF individual evaluation folder {50 SW}Þ isoelectric focusing experiment...Shuttle experiment on the extent of electro-osmosis in space

IEMATS improved emergency message automated transmission system

IEMP internal electromagnetic pulse

IES interoperability enhancement system {AFSCN}

IET initial ethics training {OGE}

IETF Internet engineering task force {AFSC2S}

IFC Instrument Flight Center {GPS}

IFG interface group {Milstar}

IFLA intermediate frequency line amplifier {AFSCN}

IFM ionospheric forecast model {AFSPC/DOG}

IFPA installation fitness program administrator {AFMPC}

IFPT installation fitness program trainer {AFMPC}

IFRB International Frequency Registration Board...Geneva organization that oversees the allocation of orbiting positions for comsats. International law limits spacing between comsats using the same spectrum of frequencies to not less than 2° (about 900 miles) in longitude. {NYT}

IFU interface unit {Milstar}

IFV infantry fighting vehicle

Igloo Automatic supply module on the forward end of the Shuttle experiment pallet train.

IGS image generator subsystem {DMSP}

IHE insensitive high explosives {20AF}

IHOP International House of Pancakes

IISL International Institute of Space Law

IJK frame Geocentric-equatorial coordinate frame used in astrodynamics to describe a satellite's orbit with respect to earth...see "Kepler ian elements"

ILAM initial launch alert message

ILBOC introduction to launch base operations course {AFSPC/DOT}

ILCO international logistics center office

ILCS improved launch control system {AFSPC/DOM}

ILP instructor lesson plan {50 CTS}

ILSC integrated launch support center {20 AF}

ILSM integrated logistics support manager {CSOC ILSP}

ILSMT integrated logistics support management team {AFSCN}

ILSP integrated logistics support plan {UFO}Þ integrated logistics support program {AFSPC/XP}

ILSWG integrated logistics support working group {USSPACECOM/J6N}

ILV intermediate launch vehicle...a booster capable of putting 9000-16,000 kg (20,000-35,000 lbm) in low earth orbit (140 km or 100 NM), e.g., Titan III {AFSPC/DR}

IM information managementÞ item manager {AFMC}

IMA individual mobilization augmentee

IMAAT individual mobilization augmentee allocation team

IMAP interstellar medium absorption profile...spectrograph that collects spectra of interstellar absorption lines in the 91.0-113.5 nanometer wavelength range; Princeton University flew second mission on sounding rocket in Apr 85.

IMC image motion compensationÞ instrument meteorological condition...usually not conducive to launchÞ internal management control {FMFIA}

IMETS integrated meteorological system {DMSP}

IMINT imagery intelligence {OPSEC}

IMIS intelligent management information system...Kennedy Space Center artificial intelligence project to develop intelligent data base information retrieval system

IML initial microcode load {GPS}Þ installation modification list {AFSCN}Þ international microgravity laboratory...STS-42 payload (22Jan92) that carried microgravity missions devoted to material sciences and life sciences studies

IMP interplanetary monitoring platform...solar wind measurement spacecraft launched in early 1970s

IMS inventory management specialist {BMEWS Site III}Þ item manager specialist

IMU inertial measurement unit...a package of inertial sensors used to measure inertial motions, usually about or along three axes, or both. Sensed inertial motions can include linear and angular acceleration, angular rate, and angular position relative to an inertial reference. Components typical to an IMU include gyros, accelerometers, and gimballed platforms. {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

INCA intelligence communications architecture {NAVSPACECOM}

inclination see "i"

INDI AFSCN call sign for Indian Ocean Tracking Station (IOS). One of nine RTSs in the common user element of the AFSCN, INDI (5°S latitude, 55°E longitude) supports most "first acquisition" passes on launches from both Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg AFB. INDI's 60' high-power uplink antenna ("IOS-A"), installed in 1963, is the only hydraulically driven antenna in the network; ARTS II turnover Jun 93. IOS-A is located at about 2000' elevation (dormitory and dining hall are three miles from the tech site). INDI's SATCOM AN/FSC-39(V) heavy terminal, a 13m antenna to ELANT DSCS, is operated and main tained by Loral. TRANET (DMA's Transit Satellite Network), an INDI tenant operated since 1964 by Physical Sciences Lab, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM, was closed Jun 93. INDI is on Mahe, a tropical island 18 miles long and (at its narrowest) two miles wide, in the Indian Ocean 1000 miles east of Tanzania. Local government is one-party Socialist, transi tioning to multi-party. Resident U.S. ambassador. $4.5M annual lease payment to GOS for the site. Local standard time is Z+4 hours.

INF Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (treaty)

INFO information

INFOCEN information center

INFOSEC information security

Inmarsat International Maritime Satellite (Organization)...a consortium that provides communications for maritime users, capacity currently leased on hosts (Marecs, Intelsat, Marisat). 47 member countries, each represented by a signatory agency; U.S. Comsat Corp. is the largest participant (30.7% share), Britain second (14.7%). Nine earth stations, 3700 vessels from 60 nations have terminals. Inmarsat-2 is a British Aerospace three-axis-stabilized satellite; four C-/L-band transponders; 400 ship-to-shore-to-ship voice channels; 10 year design life.

INMS ion and neutral spectrometer {NASA}

Insat Indian point-to-point communication, direct broadcast, and weather satellite. 3-axis stabilized. Control center at Hassan, India. First launch 4 Sep 82.

INSE integrated network support environment {AFSCN}

INSEC inner zone security violation {20 AF}

INTEL intelligence

Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Organization...a 109-nation cooperative formed under the leadership of the U.S. in 1984. Owns, manages and sets rates for an international comsat system that carries 2/3 of the world's international phone traffic and virtually all TV transmissions. Coordinates communication networks with Eutelsat, Galaxy, Marisat, Palapa, Arabsat, Intersputnik, Marecs, Satcom links between the U.S. and Bermuda, and U.S. and Canadian domestic satellite links between the two countries. DOD leases as part of the MILSATCOM system. Communications Satellite Corp. is the U.S. signatory to Intelsat. Control station in Washington, DC. {AW&ST, 1 Oct 84}

- Intelsat IV is a spin-stabilized TACSAT (tactical communications satellite) design. 12 36 MHz-bandwidth, single conversion repeaters; 4000 circuits and 2 TV channels. First launch 22 May 85.

- Intelsat IVA is a spin-stabilized comsat. 20 36 MHz-bandwidth, single conversion repeaters; 6000 circuits and 2 TV channels. First launch 25 Sep 75.

- Intelsat V is a 3-axis body-stabilized comsat. 23 6/4 GHz transponders, 6 14/11 GHz transponders; 12,000 circuits and 2 TV channels. First launch 23 May 81.

- Intelsat VI (F1-F5) is a spin-stabilized, active-repeater Leasat-design comsat. 38 6/4 GHz transponders, 10 14/11 GHz transponders (33,000 circuits). Each Intelsat VI spacecraft launched on Titan III and Ariane uses integral propulsion and provides its own perigee impulse with a large solid rocket motor (Ariane 4 launches don't need this motor). All Intelsat VI spacecraft use two bipropellant thrusters for apogee impulse. The same system later feeds small thrusters for orbital adjustment. They also use nickel-hydrogen batteries and are the first Intelsat spacecraft to employ RF beacon tracking for precise attitude control (better than 0.1° even during orbit maneuvers). Each spacecraft has satellite-switched TDMA and a completely reconfigurable antenna for the three ocean-basin operating areas. The antenna provides sixfold frequency reuse by polarization and spatial diversity.

Interbol CIS program to launch two satellites to study near-earth space.

Intercosmos Socialist program for multilateral space exploration and development. Formed in 1967, nine members: CIS, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Mongolia, and Cuba.

Intespace CNES affiliate; operates ESA's satellite test and integration center in Toulouse, France.

INTREP intelligence report

INTST inhibit test {20 AF}

INTSUM intelligence summary

INWS interservice nuclear weapons school

IOB input/output buffer

IOBM in ocean by mistake {14 AF}

IOC initial operational capability...when the operator first declares a new system capable of performing its mission successfullyÞ in put/output controller {Milstar}Þ instructor orientation course {50CTS}Þ intelligence operations center...in CMAS {C4SMP}Þ inter-orbit communications...proposed Eureca data transmission experiment package of repeaters and pointed antennas, developed as a forerunner for future European data relay systems

IOCM interim operational contamination monitor...experiment to measure molecular and particle contamination in the Shuttle bay

IOE input output expander {Milstar}

IOI initial operations inspection {Milstar}

IONDS integrated operational NUDET (nuclear detonation) detection system. Will pinpoint nuclear blasts and permit retargeting of U.S. nuclear weapons. Renamed NDS.

IOR impacting object report

IOS Indian Ocean Tracking Station...see "INDI"

IOT in-orbit test {NATO IVB}

IOU I owe you

IP impact pointÞ instructor pilotÞ interceptor platformÞ intercept pointÞ interface protection...system-generated electromagnetic pulse hardening techniqueÞ internet protocol

IPA inadvertent pre-armÞ integrated program assessment {AFSPC/XP}Þ intermediate power amplifier {GPS}

IPAC Diego Garcia support contractor {AFSCN}

IPADS interactive processing and display system {DMSP}

IPB illustrated parts breakdown {COBRADANE}Þ intelligence preparation of the battlefield

IPCMD improper command {20 AF}

IPD IMU (inertial measurement unit) performance data {20 AF}

IPDDS IPD (IMU (inertial measurement unit) performance data) disabled {20 AF}

IPE industrial plant equipment {DLA}

IPG interface procedures guide {GPS}

IPI intelligent peripherals interface {AFSC2S}

IPL initial program load...GPS equal to a system re-bootÞ integrated priority list {AFSPC/XP}

I-Plan implementation plan...obsolete, now S-Plan

IPMS inertial platform missile systemÞ information processing management system {AFSFC}Þ inventory program management system {AFSPC/LK}

IPOI initial plan of instruction {50 OPG}

IPOMS international polar orbiting meteorological satellite...one of two groups formed to increase sharing of satellite data and to promote the use of earth observation satellites (the other is CEOS)

IPR in-process review {UFO}Þ interim problem report {NASA}

ips inches per second

IPS instrument pointing system...ESA/Dornier package designed to provide precision pointing of Shuttle's telescopes and scientific experiments. 0.7-0.8 arc-seconds pointing accuracy demonstrated in testing. First flight on Spacelab 2, Jul 85.Þ integrated program summary {AFSPC/XP}

IPSS integrated planning and scheduling system {45 SW}

IPT integrated product team {IWSM}

IRA individual retirement accountÞ Irish Republican Army

IRAD independent research and development...also abbreviated IR&D

IRAM industrial relations administrative manual {AFSCN}

IRAS infrared astronomical satellite...launched 25 Jan 83, a joint NASA-British Science and Engineering Research Council program. Mission ended 21 Nov 83 when helium refrigerant supply was consumed.

IRCFE infrared communications flight experiment...demonstrates the feasibility of using diffuse infrared light as a carrier for Shuttle crew communications

IRCM infrared countermeasures {TAB93-1}

IRFPA infrared focal plane array {NAVSPACECOM}

IRIG inter-range instrumentation group...a society of engineers set up in the early R&D days to establish common testing standards. The AFSCN has adopted these standards for satellite control. {Loral}

IRIS Italian research interim stage...Shuttle/Ariane-compatible upper-stage sized for 900 kq payloads. Lageos-2 the first payload, Aeritalia the contractor.

IRM information resource management {DISA}Þ ion release module

IRMD infrared missile defense {TAB93-1}

IRS Indian remote sensing satellite...built by ISAC for ISRO, launched on CIS boosterÞ interface requirements specification {GPS}Þ Internal Revenue Service

IRT integrated rendezvous radar target...a target for testing Shuttle rendezvous techniques and capabilities in orbit

IRU isolation review unit {AFSCN}

ISA instruction set architectureÞ interservice support agreement {UFO}Þ interstage adapter {Atlas-Centaur}Þ Israel Space Agency

ISAC ISRO Satellite Centre...the main laboratory for Indian development of satellite technology

ISAL inverse synthetic aperture laserÞ investigation of STS atmospheric luminosities...Shuttle experiment to determine the spectral content of the orbital luminosity

ISAS Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science...University of Tokyo affiliate, develops scientific payloads, operates Kagoshima Space Center

ISB intermediate staging base {NAVSPACECOM}

ISC incremental support capability {CSOC}Þ integrated satellite control {MSTRS}Þ International Space Corporation...a joint commercial activity

ISDB integrated SATCOM data base {Milstar}

ISDN integrated services data network {AFSCN}

ISDS inadvertent separation destruct system

ISEE (NASA-Goddard) international sun-earth explorer (spacecraft)...ISEE-3 launched 12 Aug 78 to study solar wind. Renamed International Cometary Explorer and diverted in 1983 to intercept comet Giacobini-Zinner.

ISF industrial space facility...proposed Westinghouse/Space Industries Company 2,500 cubic feet materials processing facility

ISI Information Sciences Institute

ISM industrial security manual

ISL2 inter-satellite laser link...high-capacity jam-resistant satellite communications system using carbon dioxide lasers

ISO infrared space observatory...ESA astronomy satellite built by Aerospatiale and MBBÞ International Standards Organization

ISOC integrated space operations center {GEODSS}

isotropic antenna A theoretical antenna that radiates (or receives) the same amount of signal in all directions. {Satellite Notebook #19}

Isp specific impulse...a measure of the efficiency of a rocket engine in converting propellant to thrust

ISP integrated support plan {AFSCN}Þ internal security protection {AFSCN}

ISPM international solar-polar mission...ESA/NASA program to explore the north and south poles of the sun. NASA's portion terminated in 1981, leaving ESA's Ulysses as a solo mission.

ISPR information security program review {50 SPS}

ISR interim summary report {CSOC}

ISRD integrated SATCOM (satellite communications) requirements document {AFSPC/DR}

ISSA interservice support agreement {NPPS}

IST innovative science and technologyÞ integrated system test {AFSCN}

ISTP international solar/terrestrial physics...NASA/ESA/Japanese program to launch nine scientific satellites to perform optical and in-site measurements on the outer atmosphere of the sun, the solar interior, the corona and the solar wind. Includes NASA Wind, Polar and Equator satellites; Japanese Geotail satellite; and the ESA Cluster (4) and Soho satellites.

ISTPP international solar terrestrial physics program {NASA}

ISVS interim secure voice system {AFSCN}Þ international switched voice service {50 MS}

ISYS ISYS Security Systems, Inc...Falcon AFB SCS contractor (now Infographic Systems Corp)

IT information technology {Fed Comp Wk, 1 Feb 93}Þ Italy

Italsat Italian Ku-band communications satellite.

Italspazio Italian space consortium of FIAR and Si. El Laben (of Milan) studying maritime comsats to serve the polar regions.

ITAR international traffic in arms regulation {AFI 10-1210}

ITOS improved TIROS operational satellite...third-generation metsat (preceded by ESSA, followed by TIROS-N/NOAA) launched 13 Oct 78

ITS integrated transfer subsystem {GPS}Þ integration tracking system {TW/AA}Þ interim tool set {Milstar}

ITT information tickets and tours {MWRS}Þ International Telephone and Telegraph

ITTW ITT World Communications, Inc.

ITU International Telecommunications Union...UN organization based in Geneva

ITV instrumented test vehicle...target for F-15-launched ASAT

ITW/AA integrated tactical warning and attack assessment

IUE international ultraviolet explorer...NASA/ESA/UK Science Research Council payload launched 26 Jan 78 for sky observations in the 1,150-3,200 Angstrom wavelength range

IUS inertial upper stage...a Boeing two-stage, solid rocket motor used to place heavy satellites in their final (mission) orbit

IUS/ESS inertial upper stage equipment support system

IVA immediate visual assessmentÞ intravehicular activity...any task performed by astronauts while inside a pressurized compartment

IVT interface verification test {NASA}

IWAN ICADS (integrated correlation and display system) WAN (wide area network) {NDS}

IWBC interim wideband communications {AFSCN}

IWBS interim wideband communications system {AFSCN}

IWDL interim wideband data link {AFSCN}

IWPS island-wide power system {GUAM}

IWSM integrated weapon system management/manager...AFMC-driven consolidation of AFSC and AFLC functions

J JULIET {military phonetics alphabet}

J&A justification and approval {50 LSS}

JACC/CP joint airborne communications center/command post {NAVSPACECOM}

JAEIC Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee...DCI office

JAFO just another friendly observer {45 SW}

JANAP joint Army, Navy, Air Force publication

Janus Tatra's small, compact, multipurpose satellite launched as a low-cost piggyback payload on Ariane 4. 200-300 kg empty.

Japan Communications - Joint venture to launch two Hughes HS-393 Ku-band domestic satellites (32 transponders each).

JARP joint aerospace reserve program

Jarvis Medium launch vehicle proposed by Hughes Aircraft. First stage uses engines from Saturn booster. Second stage uses single Saturn J-2 engine (230,000 lbs of thrust; liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen). Third stage serves as transfer vehicle. Named after Hughes engineer who died in the Challenger accident.

JAS Japanese amateur satellite (aka "Fuji")...UHF comsat owned by Japanese Amateur Radio League, launched 12 Aug 86 by two-stage H-1 booster. Approximately 1500 x 1600 km orbit.

JASDF Japan Air Self Defense Force

JASON An elite and somewhat secretive 47-member group composed primarily of physicists. Established in 1960, JASON meets for a few weeks each summer in La Jolla CA, "largely sets its own agenda, and works by contract for the Pentagon, the intelligence agencies, and other niches in Washington in need of its expertise." The name is either an acronym from their annual summer task force approach to their studies (July, August, September, October, November) or borrowed from the hero of the Argosy, winner of the Golden Fleece, and rightful heir to the Phthiotis throne. {Esquire, Oct 84}

JC job control {AFSCN}

JCCC joint communications control center {NAVSPACECOM}

JCEOI joint communications-electronics operating instruction {NAVSPACECOM}

JCL job control language {GPS}

JCN job control numberÞ joint communications network {NAVSPACECOM}Þ JSIC CMC node

JCSAN Joint Chiefs of Staff alerting network {C4SMP}

JCSC joint communications satellite center...Joint Staff office

JCSE joint communications support element {NAVSPACECOM}

JDACC joint doctrine air campaign course

JDFN joint defense force Nurrungar {5 SWS}

JDMTA Jonathan Dickinson Missile Tracking Annex {45 SW}

JDS joint deployment system {NAVSPACECOM}

JEA joint endeavor agreement...NASA program providing free Shuttle flights for commercial space experiments

JETD joint electronic type designator

JEWC Joint Electronic Warfare Center, Kelly AFB TX 78245-5000

JFACC joint forces air component commander

JFC joint force commander {NAVSPACECOM}

JFET junction field-effect transistor

JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th president of the United States, 1961-1963

JFTR joint federal travel regulation

JFUB joint facilities utilization board {NAVSPACECOM}

JIEO joint interoperability and engineering organization {DISA}

JIRSG joint interservice regional suport group...area Central III (Colorado Springs) encompasses Ft Carson, Pueblo Army Depot, USAFA and the Peterson complex

JITC Joint Interoperability Test Center {DISA}

JML journal memory loader {AFSPC/DOM}

JMSNS justification for major system new start {NAVSPACECOM}

JOA joint occupancy agreement {30 SW}Þ joint operations area {NAVSPACECOM}

JOC joint operations center {NAVSPACECOM}

JOP joint operations procedure {AFSCN}

JORD joint operational requirements document

JOT&E joint operational test and evaluation

JOTS joint operations and tactics system {TW/AA}

JP-4 jet petroleum, grade 4

JPEC joint planning and execution community {NAVSPACECOM}

JPIC joint plans interim change {AFSPC/DOM}

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA...operated for NASA by the California Institue of Technology {Air Force Magazine, May 84}

JPO joint program office {GPS}

JPPSO joint personal property shipping office

JPRL job performance requirements list {AFSPC/DOM}

JPSS joint planning staff for space...JCS office formed to plan for and form unified command for space; closed Mar 86

JRC joint reconnaissance center

JRCC joint rescue coordination center {NAVSPACECOM}

JRMET joint reliability maintainability evaluation team {CSOC ILSP}

JROC joint requirements oversight council {AFSPC/XP}

JROCM joint requirements oversight council memorandum {C4SMP}

JRTC joint readiness training center {AFSPC/DOX}

JS Joint Staff

JSBR joint space-based radar {NAVSPACECOM}

JSC Lyndon B Johnson Space Center (NASA), Houston TX...MOCR at JSC controls all current Shuttle missions. JSC provides Orbiter payload telemetry to 750 SGP for DoD payloads. 750 SGP provides Orbiter telemetry to JSC when Orbiter is over AFSCN RTSs. Wideband DOMSATs pass JSC-750 SGP telemetry/commanding data (via GSFC) and voice/admin (direct link) communications.

JSD job status document {AFSCN}

JSFC joint space fundamentals course {NAVSPACECOM}

JSIC joint SPACECOM intelligence center {C4SMP}

JSIOC joint space intelligence operations course {NAVSPACECOM}

JSPD joint strategic planning document

JSPO joint space program office {NAVSPACECOM}

JSS joint surveillance system {TW/AA}

JSS-C joint surveillance system connectivity {C4SMP}

JSTPS joint strategic target planning staff...obsolete

JTA joint test assembly {20 AF}

JTAGS joint tactical ground station {USARSPACE}

JTAO joint tactical air operations

JTCB joint targeting coordination board {NAVSPACECOM}

JTFME Joint Task Force Middle East

JTIDS joint tactical information distribution system {TW/AA}

JTL joint targets list {NAVSPACECOM}

JTR joint travel regulation

JTWC joint typhoon warning center {DMSP}

JUH-MTF joint user handbook-message text formats {NAVSPACECOM}

JULLS joint uniform lessons learned system {NAVSPACECOM}

JUMPS joint uniform military pay system

JVIDS joint visually integrated display system {C4SMP}

K Kelvin...temperature scale (Celsius) named for and derived by Lord William Thomas KelvinÞ kilo-...prefix meanting 1000. A 1K memory chip contains 1024 bits. A 64K memory can store 65,536 bits of information. {Sandia}Þ KILO {military phonetics alphabet}

Kagoshima Kagoshima Space Center...ISAS launch site opened Dec 63, located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island near Uchinoura (31.36°N latitude, 130.33°E longitude)

KAM cryptograph operational maintenance manual {AFSCN}

KAO cryptograph operating manual {AFSCN}

KATE knowledge-based automatic test equipmentÞ KV (kill vehicle) avionics/telemetry equipment

Kate-140 Wide-frame camera used on Salyut-7.

kb kilobit(s)...103 bits

kB kilobyte(s)...103 bytes

KBTSS Ku-band transportable satellite system

Kbyte kilobyte(s)...103 bytes

KE kinetic energy

KEK key encryption key {Milstar}

KEO Gerald P. Kuiper airborne observatory...Ames Research Center C-141 equipped with a 91 cm-aperture infrared telescope. Was used to discover rings around Uranus.

Keplerian elements - The Keplerian element set provides a relatively efficient way to define orbits about earth. There are six components:

- Three "dimensional" elements describe the size and shape of the orbit, and identify the specific location of a satellite at any particular time. The semi-major axis (see "a") specifies the size of the orbit. The eccentricity (see "e") specifies its shape. The mean anomaly (see "M") tells where a satellite is, in its orbit.

- Three "orientation" elements describe an orbit's position in space. The inclination (see "i") is the angle between the equatorial plane and the orbital plane. The right ascension of the ascending node (see "omega (W)") describes the "twist" of an orbit. The argument of perigee (see "omega (w)") measures the position of perigee, i.e., the location of a satellite's closest approach to earth...also see "F&G elements"

KFC Kentucky Fried Chicken

KGA Kwajalein ground antenna {GPS}

KGB CIS committee for state security.

KGR key generator receiver

KGT key generator transmitter

KGV-11A General purpose COMSEC/TRANSEC module key generator. {Milstar}

KHIL KEW (kinetic energy weapon) hardware integration labÞ KKV (kinetic kill vehicle) hardware-in-the-loop

KIA killed in action

Kiku see "ERS"

KITE KKV (kinetic kill vehicle) integrated technology experiment {BMDO}

KKV kinetic kill vehicle {BMDO}

KOK-13 Remote rekey control unit equipment. {Milstar}

Kopff comet

KOR-1/2 South Korean direct broadcast satellites.

KPTS Kaena Point tracking station...see "HULA"

Kristallizator - Czech-manufactured equipment on Saylut-7. Studies mass and heat transfer, and crystallization under conditions of microgravitation.

K-S Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit {20 AF}

KSLOC thousand source lines of code...computer term

KTS Kodiak tracking station...closedÞ Kwajalein test site

KU keyboard unit {Milstar}

Ku-band radar frequency band...12-18 GHz

KURSK-85 - International aerospace experiment involving scientists from CIS, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Part of Interkosmos program. Used space photography to determine soil/vegetation characteristics.

KuTE Ku(-band) terminal equipment

kV kilovolt(s)

KVA kilovolt-ampere(s)

KWAJ Kwajalein (Atoll)...GPS site maintained by Pan Am's "Logistics Support/Radar Range Engineering and Data Reduction" contract with Army Strategic Defense Command, Huntsville AL

kWh kilowatt-hour(s)

KY Kapustin Yar...CIS launch complexÞ Kentucky

Kyokkoh see "EXOS"

Kyushu see "Kagoshima"

L leftÞ LIMA {military phonetics alphabet}Þ link {AFSCN}Þ long {20 AF}Þ low, as in low-medium-highÞ also see "F&G elements"

L1 1575.42 MHz...GPS L-band frequency

L2 1227.60 MHz...GPS L-band frequency

L3 1381.05 MHz...GPS L-band frequency

L220 Ariane 4 first stage

LAAPS laptop automated aids positioning system {USCG}

LAC launch azimuth corridorÞ local agency check {50 SPS}

LACE laser atmospheric compensation experimentÞ low power atmospheric compensation experiment

LADD lens antenna deployment demonstration...experiment to demonstrate repeated deployment of a membrane antenna, including reliability, flatness, etc.Þ local area data distributor {AFSCN}

LAF launch alert folder

LAFB Lowry AFB CO {UST}

LAG launch analysis group {20 AF}

Lageos laser geodynamics satellite...totally passive, spherical satellite covered with retroflectors that are illuminated by ground-based lasers to determine precise measurements of the earth's crustal movements

Lagrangian point - Points in the earth-moon system where a third body could theoretically retain its position with respect to both the earth and the moon, because the gravity fields of all three bodies would be in balance:

- L1 is on a line between the earth and the moon, and approximately 76,000 km from the moon

- L2 is on the earth-moon line, but approximately 71,000 km beyond the orbit of the moon

- L3 is on the earth-moon line, but in lunar orbit 180° away from the moon

- L4 is in the lunar orbit, but 60° ahead of the moon

- L5 is in the lunar orbit, 60° behind the moon {Stein, 1981}

LAM launch alert message...IRO L-4 day messageÞ liquid apogee motor {UFO}

Landsat Civil earth imaging satellite. NOAA is the manager, GE is the prime contractor. 438 mi polar orbit, 98.9 minute period, covers 115 mile-wide swath every 16 days, 30-meter resolution. First launch 16 Jul 82. Multispectral scanner measures visible light and electromagnetic radiation, Hughes thematic mapper measures light and heat...see "Eosat"

LANTCOM Atlantic Command

LANTIRN low-altitude navigation targeting infrared for night {TAB93-1}

LAO limited attack option {20 AF}

LASE lidar acquisition/sizing experiment {NAVSPACECOM}

LASERCOM - laser communications...high data rate communications, e.g., one billion bits per second, the equivalent of a set of encyclopedias in one second

LASS low altitude space surveillance {AFSPC/DO}

launch window - The earliest and latest time a rocket may launch. {LCU, 15Jan84}

LAWS LRCM (long-range cruise missile) analysis and warning system {TW/AA}

LAX Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, CA

LBC launch base complex {AFSPC/DR}

LBJ Lyndon Baines Johnson, 36th president of the United States, 1963-1969

LC launch cancellation {20 AF}Þ lieutenant colonelÞ launch complex...former designation for Cape Canaveral AS launch pads, now called SLCs

LCC launch commit criteria {NASA}Þ launch control center {20 AF, NASA}Þ leased common carrier {CSOC}Þ life cycle cost...the total cost for a system over its full life, including development, procurement, operation, support and disposal {AFR800-11}

LCDR lieutenant commander {USN}

LCE large cryogenic engine...$170M ESA program to replace Ariane 1-4 launcher family

LCEB launch control equipment building {AFSPC/DOM}

LCF launch control facility {20 AF}

LCF DN launch control facility down {20 AF}

LCL lower confidence limit {20 AF}

LCM launch confirmation message...IRO L-1 day message

LCMO LEPS (launcher environmental protective system) control and monitor operator {20 AF}

LCO launch control officerÞ lead communications operator {50 SPCS}Þ lead controller of operations {AFSCN}

LCP launch control panel {20 AF}

LCRS Loring command readout station...closed {DMSP}

LCS laser crosslink system {DSP}Þ laser cross-section

LCU launch correlation unit...CMAS unit responsible for the Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War between the United States and the CIS, e.g., errant launchÞ load control unit {GPS}

LD laser designatorÞ launch dependability {AFSPC/DR}Þ low dynamic

L&D launch and defend {TAB93-1}

LDA launch and deployment authority {AFI10-1208}

LDCE local data communication equipment {AFSCN}

LDE launch demonstration exercise {20 AF}

LDEF long duration exposure facility...satellite for experiments requiring long-duration exposure to the space environment. Launched on Shuttle Apr84, recovered by Shuttle Jan 90.

LDL low-density lipoprotein

LDM limited distance modem {AFSCN}

LDR land disposal restriction {ECAMP}Þ large deployable reflector...post-2000 proposed 10-30 meter spaceborne astronomical facilityÞ low data rate {Milstar}

LDS latter-day saintsÞ launch detection satellite...CIS satellite series that provides warning of U.S. ICBM launchesÞ layered defense systemÞ limited defense system {USSPACECOM/J6N}

LE launch effectiveness {AFSPC/DR}Þ launch equipment

LE-5 Japanese liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engine being developed for H-1A second stage.

LEA law enforcement agency {C4SMP}

LEAP lightweight exoatmospheric projectile {BMDO}

LEASAT leased satellite...comsats leased by the Navy to augment FLTSATCOM. One wideband and 12 UHF channels (six relay bands, five narrow-bands, and one fleet broadcast band) in the 240-400 MHz range. Shuttle-compatible only, employs integral propulsion and the Frisbee ejection technique. The only large satellite designed to fly totally unpowered in the Shuttle bay with no electrical checkout by the astronauts prior to deployment. Control center in El Segundo CA.

- L-2, launched Nov 84, provides Pacific Ocean coverage, no wideband capability

- L-5, launched Mar 90, provides Indian Ocean coverage

Leasecraft Free-flying commercial satellite project put on indefinite hold (Nov 85) due to lack of customers and inability to obtain insurance. Proposed platform for the McDonnell Douglas electrophoresis biological processing facility and NASA's ultraviolet telescope.

LECGSP launch enable control group signal panel {20 AF}

LEGG launch eject gas generator {20 AF}

LEO launch and early orbit {SOC-31}Þ low earth orbit...an orbit altitude beneath the near-radiation belt (approximately 1000 km) {AIAA, 12 Jun 84}

LEOP launch and early orbit phase {NATO IVB}

LEPS launcher environmental protective system {20 AF}

LeRC Lewis Research Center (NASA), Cleveland OH...manages Atlas and Centaur ELVs, and Shuttle's Centaur cryogenic upper stage {Air Force Magazine, May 84}

LES leave and earnings statement {21 SW/FMFP}Þ Lincoln Laboratory experimental satelliteÞ LOX (liquid oxygen) expert system...experiment that uses artificial intelligence to monitor the loading of liquid oxygen into the Shuttle's external tank. System detects and locates faults by processing data from hundreds of sensors, and determines if the fault necessitates a stop in the countdown.

LF-8 Prototype Chinese ion engine for satellite control. Uses mercury as propellant and electricity as power. Production models will be used mainly for precision precision positioning and control.

LFC large format camera...Shuttle payload to acquire synoptic high-resolution images of earth

LFDN launch facility down {20 AF}

LFNA launch facility not authenticated {20 AF}

LFNG launch facility no go {20 AF}

LFNI launch facility not interrogated {20 AF}

LFOS launch facility out-of-crypto sync {20 AF}

LFRT launch facility radio test {20 AF}

LFT&E live-fire test and evaluation

LG logistics group, e.g., 50 LGÞ low gain

LGD large group display {C4SMP}

LGM launch guided missile {20 AF}

LHCS long-haul communications system {TW/AA}

LHR low hop rate {Milstar}

LIC low intensity conflict

LIFO last in, first out

Lightsat Concept to put a series of small satellites in LEO for tactical use by battlefield commanders. Development administered by DARPA.

LIMDIS limited distribution

LIMSS logistics information management support system {CSOC}

LION AFSCN call sign for Telemetry and Command Station (TCS) Oakhanger. One of nine RTSs in the common user element of the AFSCN, LION (51°N latitude, 1°W longitude) is near RAF Oakhanger (at Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9JE, 55 mi southwest of London). LION's 60' wheel-and-track S-band UK/FSC-604 antenna ("TCS-A") was commissioned in 1969 to support SKYNET I UHF satellites. It became a shared UK/AFSCN asset in 1979, is British-owned, operated by the RAF, and exempt from the ARTS program. LION's 33' U.S.-owned, British (RAF) operated antenna ("TCS-B") was installed in 1989; ARTS II turnover Nov91. TCS Oakhanger also supports a backup SKYNET MCC. Local standard time is Z hours.

LIP launch in process {20 AF}

LIR launch and impact report

LISA LSO (launch services office) information system architecture {AFSPC/DOP}

LITE lidar in-space technology experiment...project to demonstrate lidar from space

LKEI Lockheed-Krunichev-Energia International...launch consortium

LL Lincoln Laboratory

L&L launch and leave {TAB93-1}

LLHDB LSO (launch services office) history database {AFSPC/DOP}

LLTIL long lead time items list

LM long module...Spacelab element composed of a core segment and an experiment segment

LMDP logistics management and data processing {AFSCN}

LMM Milstar mission control element management software CPCI.

LMR land mobile radio {CSOC}

LMS logistics management system {DLA}

LMSC Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc., Sunnyvale CA

LMTBCF launch mean time between critical failures {AFSPC/DR}

LMTBDE launch mean time between downing events {AFSPC/DR}

LNA low noise amplifier

LNM launch notification message...IRO L-8 day message

LO Danish Federation of Trade UnionsÞ launch officer {UFO}Þ launch operationsÞ local oscillator {AFSCN}Þ low-observableÞ lunar observer...geological, elemental, gravity and magnetic field mapping of the moon

LOA leave of absenceÞ letter of agreementÞ letter of assuranceÞ letter of offer acceptance

LOAF launch on anticipated failure {AFSPC/DR}

LOAP list of applicable publications {CSOC}

LOC launch operations controlÞ level of confidence {3 SOPS}Þ level of conflictÞ limited operational capabilityÞ line of codeÞ lines of communication

LOCK logical co-processing kernel {NAVSPACECOM}

Locstar European counterpart of GEOSTAR

LOF launch and operations forecast

LOGRUN logistics remote users network {DLA}

LOIS liftoff instrumentation system {Titan IV}

LOM Legion of MeritÞ logistics operating manual {AFSCN}Þ Milstar orbit management software CPCI.

LON launch on need {AFSPC}

LOPT launch and operations timeline {NATO IVB}

LOR letter of reprimandÞ loss of redundancy {3 SOPS}

Loral Loral Space and Range Systems, 1260 Crossman Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1198...name is a composite of the first syllables of the surnames of co-founders William Lorenz and Leon Alpert

LORI limited operational readiness inspection {20 AF}

LOS launch on schedule {AFSPC/DR}Þ level of service {EIS}Þ line of sightÞ loss of signal {NASA}

LOV loss of visibility {NASA}

LOW launch on warning

LP launch platformÞ launch pointÞ logistics pouch {AFSCN}Þ long play

LPAR large phased-array radar

LPF low pass filter

LPFTP low pressure fuel turbopump {NASA}

LPI low probability of intercept

LPOTP low pressure oxidizer turbopump {NASA}

LPS launch processing systemÞ limited protection systemÞ liquid propulsion system {HS-393}

LPS-2 second-generation launch processing system...AI-related Shuttle and space station ground processing system

LPU line printer unit {AFSPC/DOM}

LR launch reliability {AFSPC}

LRA long-range aviation {CIS}

LRC Langley Research Center (NASA)...usually abbreviated LaRC to distinguish from LeRCÞ lesser regional conflict {C4SMP}Þ logistics readiness center {AFSPC/LK}

LRCC lead range control center

LRCM long-range cruise missile

LRGM launch region gravity model {20 AF}

LRINF longer-range/intermediate-range nuclear forces {INF}

LRIP low-rate initial production {AFSPC/XP}

LSAR logistics support analysis record {DLA}

L-Sat large satellite...see "Olympus"

LSB least significant bit

LSC linear shaped charge {NASA}

LS-D Landsat-D

LSI large scale integration...a chip that contains several thousand individual elements (transistors or diodes, for instance), and 1K to 64K bits of memory {Sandia}

LSM logistics support management {AFSCN}Þ Milstar security monitor software CPCI.

LSMIP launch status missile indicator panel {20 AF}

LSMR logistic support manager representative {AFSCN}

LSO launch services office {AFSPC/DOP}

L5 Society Activist organization devoted to space causes...6500 members worldwide.

LSP logistics support plan {50 LSS}

LSPPS logistics support plan for pre-operational support {Milstar}

LSR locally shared resource {GPS}

LS&RS Loral Space and Range Systems...AFSCN NSP contractor

LSS laser subsystemÞ life of system stock {AFSCN}Þ logistics support squadron, e.g., 50LSS

LSSC launch support services contractor {NASA}

LST landing ship, tankÞ lightweight satellite terminal {C4SMP}

LSTDM low speed time division multiplexer {AN/FCC-100}

LSVD large screen visual display {C4SMP}

LT lieutenant

L/T lead/trail {TAB93-1}

LTC Landes Test Center, France...43.7°N latitude, 2.2°E longitudeÞ lieutenant colonel

LTCOL lieutenant colonel

LTOC Lockheed Technical Operations Company, Inc., PO Box 61687, Sunnyvale CA 94088-1687

L1TPS Link 1 telemetry processing system...DSP CCS Link 1 successor

LTVA long-term visitor agreement {50 SPS}

Luch CIS relay satellite

LUT local user terminal

Luxsat Proposed Luxembourg geosynchronous telecommunications satellite, to be used by RTL (Luxembourg radio and TV company).

LVP launch verification panel {20 AF}

LVS launch vehicle system {AFSPC/DR}

LWO launch weather officer {14AF}

LWT lightweight tank {NASA}

m meter(s)Þ milli-...prefix meaning 10-3

M arcane budget accountÞ Mach number...the speed of sound, approximately 760 mph at sea levelÞ manual, e.g., MIL-M-9858Þ mean anomaly...the element of the Keplerian element set that tells where a satellite is, in its orbit; the angle between the perigee vector and the satellite's position vector, used in computing epoch time (Te); see "Keplerian elements"Þ medium, as in low-medium-highÞ mega-...prefix meaning 106.Þ MIKE {military phonetics alphabet}Þ million(s)Þ mobile, e.g., AN/MPS-36Þ module {CSOC}

M* Milstar {50 SW/CC}

MAA mission area analysis {NDS}

MAATS militay automated air traffic system {C4SMP}

MAC media access control {AFSC2S}Þ Military Airlift Command...obsolete, now AMCÞ mission area chief {AFSPC/XP}

MACA modular automatic conference arranger {C4SMP}

MACC modular air control center {C4SMP}

MACSAT multiple access communication satellite {NAVSPACECOM}

MAD magnetic anomaly detectorÞ mutual assured destruction

MADIZ militay ADIZ (air defense identification zone) {C4SMP}

MADS militarized advanced disk system {Milstar}

MAF manhour availability factor {AFR 55-15}Þ missile alert facility {20 AF}

MAGE Family of apogee boost motors (MAGE 1, 1S and 2) produced by a group of European companies led by SEP (Societe European de Propulsion).

Magellan Shuttle-launched Venus radar mapper interplanetary mission.

Magnolia CNES/NASA project to measure the earth's magnetic field.

MAGR miniaturized airborne GPS (global positioning system) receiver

MAGTF Marine air-ground task force

Mailstar Swedish low-cost electronic mail relay satellite constellation to operate from polar orbit and receive signals from all parts of the world with maximum delay of three hours. Aimed at improving communications between Swedish corporations and foreign subsidiaries, particularly those in the Third World. First two satellites launched by Long March II and Ariane.

MAJ major

MAO major attack option {20 AF}

MAP management action plan {ECAMP}Þ mission area plan {AFSPC/XP}

MAPS measurement of air pollution from satellites...OSTA-3 package that identifies specific chemical compounds in the atmosphereÞ miniature autonomous power system

MAR minimally attended radar...AN/FPS-117 long-distance microwave radar {TW/AA}Þ minimum avionics requirements {GPS}Þ missile active range {TAB93-1}

MARC-DN - measurement of atmospheric radiance camera-day/night...Shuttle experiment to test a TV camera against celestial, earthlimb and ground targets with various lighting conditions

MARCOM maritime command {C4SMP}

MARCSS miniaturized airborne radio communications satellite system {NAVSPACECOM}

MARE major accident response exercise {IG}

Marecs maritime European communications satellite...ESA maritime comsat, uses an ECS bus; first launch 20 Dec 81...see "BADG"

Marisat marine satellite communications system...Hughes comsat used by U.S. Navy and commercial shipping; first launch 19 Feb 76

Mariya CIS astrophysical instrument flown on Salyut space stations. Counts number of electrons and positrons in the space station and measures their energies. Replaced Yelena gamma telescope.

Mars Observer - Interplanetary probe using modified off-the-shelf spacecraft to study Mars' surface, climate and gravity. Sep 92 launch.

MaRV maneuvering reentry vehicle

MAS medical aid station

MASC Milstar auxiliary support center, Sunnyvale, CA

MASINT measurements and signature intelligence {C4SMP}

MAST manual acquisition satellite track

MATT multimission advanced tactical terminal {CONSTANT SOURCE}

MATTR midcourse and terminal tier review {NAVSPACECOM}

MAW military airlift wing

MAX maximum

MAXI modular architecture for exchange of intelligence {CSOC}

MB Manitoba

MBA managing by amblingÞ masters (degree) in business administrationÞ multiple-beam antenna

MBB Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm...aerospace manufacturer. ERNO division headquartered in Bremen, West Germany.

MBC meteor burst communications {TW/AA}

Mbit megabit(s)...106 bits

MBT main battle tank

MBtu million British thermal units

MBWA management by walking around

Mbyte megabyte...106 bytes

MC midcourseÞ minor construction {50 CES}Þ mission controller {AFSCN}

MCBX master control board exchange {AFSCN}

MCC master control center {AFSATCOM}Þ military coordinating committee {NAVSPACECOM}Þ missile combat crew {20 AF}Þ mission control center {NASA}Þ mission control complex...obsolete, now SOC {50 SW}Þ mobile command centerÞ motor control center {power plant}Þ movement control center {NAVSPACECOM}

MCCC missile combat crew commander {SAC}Þ mobile consolidated command center {C4SMP}Þ mobile command and control center {TW/AA}

MCC-K mission control complex-kernel...stand-alone training MCC (now SOC) at 50 CTS

MCCM missile combat crew member {20 AF}

MCCMG mission control complex management {CPCI 205}

MCCR mission-critical computer resources {COBRADANE}

MCCS mission-critical computer systemÞ mobile command and control segment {MCCC}Þ mobile command and control squadron {MCCC}Þ mobile command and control system {TW/AA}

MCE missile command elementÞ mission control element {Milstar}Þ modular control equipment {C4SMP}

Mcf thousand cubic feet