Back to 2025 Home Page2025 Concept, no. 200049, "Satellite Reactive Armor (C007U)." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 200170, "Electronic signals duplication." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900163, "Solar Energy Weapon." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900270, "EMP Pills." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900292, "Alpha Strikestar Transatmospheric." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900336, "Cloaking." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900338, "Stealth Technology." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900378, "Smart metals aircraft." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900420, "Laser Attack Station." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900432, "Mantle Communications System." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 900605, "Active Cloaking Film/`Paint`." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
2025 Concept, no. 901178, "Space Debris Repulsion Field." 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
Air Force Doctrine Document 4, Space Operations Doctrine (First Draft), 15 August 1995.
Air University, Spacecast 2020-Volume II, Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, June 1994.
Air University, Spacecast 2020-Operational Analysis, Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air university Press, June 1994.
AU-18. Space Handbook. vol. 1, A Warfighter's Guide to Space. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1993.
Asker, James R. "Space Control," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 May 1994, 57.
Babcock, Charles. "The Incredible Shrinking Computer," Computerworld, October 1993, 6.
Barnett, Jeffery R. Future War, An Assessment of Aerospace Campaigns in 2010. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1996.
Cassagrande, E.E. Non-lethal Weapons: Implications for the RAAF. Fairbain, Australia: Air Power Studies Centre, 1995.
Defense Intelligence Agency. Electronic Warfare Threat to US Communications (U) (Secret) Information extracted is unclassified.
Drexler, K. Eric, and Chris Peterson with Gayle Pergamit. Unbounding the Future, The Nanotechnology Revolution. New York,: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991.
Fowler, Charles A., and Robert F. Nesbit, "Tactical Deception in Air-Land Warfare," (derived from Defense Science Board Study 1982-83).
Gabriel, Kaigham J. "Engineering Microscopic Machines," Scientific American, September 1995, 150.
Genoa, William. "Smallsats Come of Age," Ad Astra (November-December 1994), 2210.
Johnson, Nicholas L. Soviet Military Strategy in Space. WW Norton & Co., New York, N.Y., 1986, 155.
Hunter, Roger C. A United States Antisatellite Policy for a Multipolar World, Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, October 1995.
Joint Warfighting Center Doctrine Division, Warfighting Vision 2010 (Draft), Fort Monroe, Va.: 1995.
Jones, J. Stealth Technology-The Art of Black Magic. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Tab Books, 1989.
Langreth, Robert. "Molecular Marvels" Popular Science May 1993.
Lee, Maj James G. Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995.
Libicki, Dr Martin C. and Col Richard Szafranski. "Or Go Down in Flame"? Toward An Airpower Manifesto for the 21st Century, 1996.
Mantz, Lt Col Michael R. The New Sword: A Theory of Space Combat Power. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995.
Petersen, John L. The Road to 2015. Caorte Madera Calif.: Waite Group Press, 1994.
Petersen, Major Steven R. Space Control and the Role of Antisatellite Weapons. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1991.
Piotrowski, Gen John L. "A Soviet Space Strategy," Strategic Review, Fall 1987.
Prepared Statements of Gen Charles Horner, commander in chief, United States Space Command, in Senate, Space Seen as Challenge, Military's Final Frontier (Defense Issues, Prepared Statement to Hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 90th Cong., 1 sess., 1993, 7.)
Rogers, Craig A. "Intelligent Materials" Scientific American September 1995, 154.
Schneider, Barry R. "Battlefield of the Future" The Revolution in Military Affairs. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995.
Radabaugh, Capt Gregory C. "Soviet Antisatellite Capabilities," Signal, December 1988, 81-83.
Travis, John. "Building Bridges to the Nanoworld," Science, March 1994, 1703.
Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
USAF Scientific Advisory Board. New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century. Unpublished draft, the Directed Energy Volume. 15 December 1995.
---. New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century. Unpublished draft, the Space Applications Volume. 15 December 1995.
---. New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century. Unpublished draft, the Space Technology Volume. 15 December 1995.
---. New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century. Unpublished draft, the Materials Volume. 15 December 1995.
US Naval War College (USNWC). Technology Initiatives Game (TIG) 95, Newport, R.I., 1995.
1. Joint Warfighting Center Doctrine Division, Warfighting Vision 2010 (Draft) (Fort Monroe, Va.: 1995), 10.
2. Gen John L. Piotrowski, "A Soviet Space Strategy," Strategic Review, Fall 1987, 56.
4. Prepared statements of Gen Charles Horner, commander in chief, United States Space Command, in Senate, Space Seen as Challenge, Military's Final Frontier (Defense Issues, Prepared Statement to Hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 90th Cong., 1 sess., 1993), 7.
6. Barry R. Schneider, "Battlefield of the Future," The Revolution in Military Affairs (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 80.
7. Maj James G. Lee, Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 4.
8. AU-18. Space Handbook. Vol. 1, A Warfighter's Guide to Space (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1993), 55-56.
10. Nicholas L. Johnson, Soviet Military Strategy in Space (New York: WW Norton and Co., 1986), 155.
11. Capt Gregory C. Radabaugh, "Soviet Antisatellite Capabilities," Signal, December 1988, 81-83.
12.USAF Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century (unpublished draft, the space applications volume, 15 December 1995), 7.
13. Jeffery R. Barnett, Future War, An Assessment of Aerospace Campaigns in 2010 (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1996), 41.
14. James R. Asker, "Space Control," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 23 May 1994, 57.
16. While the technology demonstration program validated the concept, F-15 ASAT missiles and warheads were not maintained after cancellation of the program.
17. US Naval War College (USNWC), Technology Initiatives Game (TIG) 95 (Newport, RI, 1995), 5-1.
20. Air University, Air & Space in 2025 Research Study 2025, Maxwell AFB, Ala., undated Counterspace team concept unnumbered. The space interdiction net is a possible technical approach to the problem of total battlespace awareness. Scientists argue that this may not be practical or possible by 2025. Taking this into account, this concept was rated low (i.e., beyond 2025) in the technology challenge area of the systems analysis.
21. John L. Peterson, The Road to 2015 (Corte Madera Calif.: Waite Group Press, 1994), 203.
22. Air University, Air & Space in 2025 Research Study 2025, Maxwell AFB, Ala., draft, excerpt from "Weather Modification, Force Multiplier in 2025."
23. William Genoa, "Smallsats Come of Age," Ad Astra, November-December 1994, 2210.
24. Kaigham J. Gabriel, "Engineering Microscopic Machines," Scientific American, September 1995, 150.
25. USAF Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century (unpublished draft, the space technology volume, 15 December 1995), 49.
26. Robert Langreth, "Molecular Marvels," Popular Science, May 1993, 91.
27. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the materials volume), 125.
28. 2025 Concept, no. 900432, "Mantle Communications System," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
29. K. Eric Drexler and Chris Peterson with Gayle Pergamit, Unbounding the Future, The Nanotechnology Revolution (New York,: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), 203.
30. Richard Szafranski and Martin C. Libicki, ". . .Or Go Down In Flame"? Toward An Airpower Manifesto for the 21st Century, 4. Further information from Dr Libicki , INSS, Lecture to Air Command and Staff College, 25 March 1996.
31. Charles Babcock, "The Incredible Shrinking Computer," Computerworld, October 1993, 6.
32. Air University, Spacecast 2020-Volume II (Maxwell AFB, Ala.; Air University Press, June 1994), M10-M13.
33. Air University, Spacecast 2020-Operational Analysis, (Maxwell AFB, Ala.; Air University Press, June 1994), 59-60.
34. 2025 Concept, no. 200049, "Satellite Reactive Armor (C007U)," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
35. 2025 Concept, no. 200170, "Electronic signals duplication," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
36. 2025 Concept, no. 900336, "Cloaking," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 Concept, no. 900338, "Stealth Technology," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 Concept, no. 900378, "Smart metals aircraft," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996) and 2025 Concept, no. 900605, "Active Cloaking Film/`Paint`," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
37. Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 66.
38. Electronic Warfare Threat to US Communications (U), Defense Intelligence Agency. (Secret) Information extracted is unclassified.
40. Maj James G. Lee, Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 34.
41. Charles A. Fowler and Robert F. Nesbit, "Tactical Deception in Air-Land Warfare," (derived from Defense Science Board Study 1982-83), 17.
42. J. Jones, Stealth Technology-The Art of Black Magic (Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Tab Books, 1989), 2.
44. 2025 Concept, no. 900336, "Cloaking," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 Concept, no. 900338, "Stealth Technology," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 Concept, no. 900378, "Smart metals aircraft," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996) and 2025 Concept, no. 900605, "Active Cloaking Film/`Paint`," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996). Nanotechnology offers a very great return on investment if it can be applied to technologies such as cloaking or molecular-sized computers. This paper explores a possible technical approach to space stealth which some scientists argue will not be practical or possible by 2025. This concern is addressed in the systems analysis by assigning such systems a low score (i.e., probably beyond 2025) in the technology challenge category.
45. John Travis, "Building Bridges to the Nanoworld," Science, March 1994, 1703.
46. K. Eric Drexler and Chris Peterson with Gayle Pergamit, Unbounding the Future, The Nanotechnology Revolution (New York, William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), 20.
48. 2025 Concept, no. 901178, "Space Debris Repulsion Field," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
49. Craig A. Rogers, "Intelligent Materials," Scientific American, September 1995, 154.
51. Roger C. Hunter, A United States Antisatellite Policy for a Multipolar World, (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, October 1995), 17-24.
52. Air University, Air & Space in 2025 Research Study 2025, Maxwell AFB, Ala., undated, Counterspace team concept unnumbered.
53. 2025 Concept, no. 900292, "Alpha Strikestar Transatmospheric," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
54. Maj Steve R. Petersen, USAF, Space Control and the Role of Antisatellite Weapons (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1991), x.
55. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the directed energy volume), vi.
56. 2025 Concept, no. 900420, "Laser Attack Station," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
57. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the directed energy volume), x.
59. Some scientists have argued the level of artificial intelligence required will not be achieved by 2025. This study acknowledges this debate, however, HELAS will gain most of its advantage from the ability to crosslink data and command throughout the entire constellation. This ability has just been demonstrated with the current Milstar constellation. The ability to use artificial intelligence for routine satellite "state of health" will be the next milestone, preceded by the ability to handle all TT&C responsibilities.
60. 2025 Concept, no. 900163, "Solar Energy Weapon," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
61. 2025 Concept, no. 900270, "EMP Pills," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).
62. E. Cassagrande, Non-lethal Weapons: Implications for the RAAF (Fairbain, Australia: Air Power Studies Centre, 1995), 4.
63. The EMP/HPM pill is a possible technical approach to solving the problem of clandestine attack on a space adversary's system. An energy source sufficient to fire EMP or HPM bursts as well as a propulsion system to maneuver the pill into position are technology areas which must be addressed. Some scientists have argued that these technology advances will not be practical or possible by 2025.
64. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the directed energy volume), vi.
66. Air Force Doctrine Document 4, Space Operations Doctrine (First Draft), 15 August 1995, 12-13.
68. Lt Col Michael R. Mantz, The New Sword: A Theory of Space Combat Power (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 6.
69. The Honorable (Dr) Sheila E. Widnall, secretary of the Air Force, "Space: No Longer a Secret," address to the Air Force Historical Foundation, Washington, D.C., 21 September 1995.
70. Air Force Executive Guidance, December 1996, 5-6.
72. Air Force Executive Guidance, 7-8.
73. Air Force Doctrine Document 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine (First Draft), 15 August 1995, 9.
74. Air Force Manual 1-1, Vol. II, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force, March 1992. 104-5.
75. Air Force Doctrine Document 4, Space Operations Doctrine (Proposed Final Draft), 8 November 1995, 4.
79. Air Force Executive Guidance, 9.
80. AU-18. Space Handbook. Vol. 1, A Warfighter's Guide to Space (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1993), 103.