Copyright (c) Arvin S. Quist

ORCA - 12

Security Classification of Information

Volume 1. Introduction, History, and Adverse Impacts

Revised 2002

Arvin S. Quist

September 20, 2002

Oak Ridge Classification Associates, LLC
104 Neville Lane
Oak Ridge, TN 37830

Prepared for the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
under Subcontract No. 40000001009

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CONTENTS

ACRONYMS

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

ABSTRACT

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION

THE NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR AREAS OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
Military Operations Information
Weapons Technology
Diplomatic Activities
Intelligence Activities
Cryptology
BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES
CLASSIFICATION AND SECURITY
REFERENCES

Chapter 2. CLASSIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II

COLONIAL TIMES THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR
POST-CIVIL WAR UNTIL WORLD WAR II
Classification in Britain, 1853-1914
Classification in France, 1900-1917
Classification in the U.S. Army, Civil War Until 1917
Classification in the U.S. Navy, Civil War Until 1917
Pertinent U.S. Statutes, Civil War Until 1917
WORLD WAR I
Classification in the U.S. Army
Classification in the U.S. Navy
Pertinent Statutes
POST WORLD WAR I UNTIL WORLD WAR II
Navy Classification Regulations of 1920
Army Classification Regulations of 1921
Navy Classification Regulations of 1932
Army Classification Regulations of 1935
Army Classification Regulations of 1936
Navy Classification Regulations of 1938
Navy Classification Regulations of 1940
Army Classification Regulations of 1941
Pertinent Statutes
REFERENCES

Chapter 3. CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDERS

CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDERS PRIOR TO EO 12958
Executive Order 8381
Executive Order 9182
Executive Order 10104
Executive Order 10290
Executive Order 10501
Executive Order 11652
Executive Order 12065
Executive Order 12356
CLASSIFICATION UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 12958
REFERENCES

Chapter 4. CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT

INTRODUCTION
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL BEFORE THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION CONTROL UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CLASSIFICATION REGULATIONS-10 CFR 1045
UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT
Safeguards Information
Unclassified Controlled Nuclear Information
REFERENCES

Chapter 5. DECLASSIFICATION OF ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION

INTRODUCTION
DECLASSIFICATION IN THE MANHATTAN PROJECT
DECLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946
DECLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954
MAJOR DOCUMENT DECLASSIFICATION REVIEW PROGRAMS SINCE 1954
April 1955 - February 1956
1957
1958
1961, 1962, and 1965
1971 to 1978
1993 to the Present (DOE Review Programs)
1993 to the Present (Other-Agency Review Programs Involving RD and FRD)
Epilogue to Major Document-Declassification Review Programs
REFERENCES

Chapter 6. SOME ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION IMPAIRS CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT AND CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS
General and Historical
Effects of Classification on Scientific and Technical Progress
ECONOMIC COSTS OF CLASSIFICATION
REFERENCES

Volume 2.
PRINCIPLES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION (issued April 1993)
(available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/quist2/index.html

CHAPTERS:

INTRODUCTION
MAJOR TYPES OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION-SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE SECRETS
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION-AN OVERVIEW
CAN THE INFORMATION BE CONTROLLED BY THE GOVERNMENT?
INFORMATION-DISCLOSURE RISKS AND BENEFITS
BALANCING INFORMATION-DISCLOSURE RISKS AND BENEFITS
CLASSIFICATION LEVELS
CLASSIFICATION DURATION
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSOCIATIONS OF INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPILATIONS OF INFORMATION
DECLASSIFYING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
DOWNGRADING CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
Appendices:
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION PRINCIPLES AND TRADE SECRET LAW
CLASSIFIABLE AREAS OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY OPERATIONS INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREIGN RELATIONS INFORMATION
CLASSIFICATION DURATION BASED ON THE PROBABILITY OF UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF THE CLASSIFIED INFORMATION

Volume 3.
CLASSIFICATION MANAGEMENT

Major topics to be discussed:

PREPARING CLASSIFICATION GUIDES
CLASSIFICATION OF PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES
MAKING DERIVATIVE CLASSIFICATION DECISIONS
CLASSIFICATION EDUCATION
TRAINING AUTHORIZED CLASSIFIERS
PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
PENALTIES FOR UNDERCLASSIFYING INFORMATION
PENALTIES FOR OVERCLASSIFYING INFORMATION

Volume 4.
CONTROL OF CERTAIN UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION

Major topics to be discussed:

UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED NUCLEAR INFORMATION
FOIA EXEMPTIONS-OFFICIAL USE ONLY INFORMATION
EXPORT CONTROLS ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
EXPORT CONTROLS ON NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
OTHER UNCLASSIFIED CONTROLLED GOVERNMENT INFORMATION
INFORMATION CONTROLLED BY PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS

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ACRONYMS

	ADC		Authorized Derivative Classifier
	ADD		Authorized Derivate Declassifier
	AEC		Atomic Energy Commission
	AEF		American Expeditionary Force
	ASDP		Assistant Secretary of Defense Programs
	CCRP		Comprehensive Classification Review Program
	CIA		Central Intelligence Agency
	DOE		Department of Energy
	EO		Executive Order
	ERDA		Energy Research and Development Administration
	FOIA		Freedom of Information Act
	FRD		Formerly Restricted Data
	FRG		Federal Republic of Germany
	ISCAP		Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel
	ISOO		Information Security Oversight Office
	JCAE		Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
	KROA		King's Regulations and Orders for the Army
	LASL		Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
	MED		Manhattan Engineer District
	NAS		National Academy of Sciences
	NCMS		National Classification Management Society
	NDRC		National Defense Research Council
	NRC		Nuclear Regulatory Commission
	NSC		National Security Council
	NSDD		National Security Decision Directive
	NSI		National Security Information
	OMB		Office of Management and Budget
	ONNSI		Office of Nuclear and National Security Information
	OSRD		Office of Scientific Research and Development
	OWI		Office of War Information
	PCC		Policy Coordination Committee
	PRD		Presidential Review Directive
	QROA		Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army
	RD		Restricted Data
	SILEX		Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitation
	SMI		Safeguarding Military Information
	SNAP		Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power
	SPB		Security Policy Board
	TEP		Technical Evaluation Panel
	UCNI		Unclassified Controlled Nuclear Information
	WWI		World War I
	WWII		World War II
	

DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.