US ARMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER & FT. HUACHUCA		
SHO TNBRSA
Student Handout								
MARCH 1995

												


	REQUIREMENTS, SOURCES, AND AGENCIES


1.  OBJECTIVES:  This instruction prepares you to properly 
 exploit the six basic categories of intelligence requirements 
associated with OOTW;  apply  IEW correctly to identify the 
threat, focus intelligence collection assets and coordinate 
and disseminate intelligence; task sources and agencies to 
satisfy the requirements associated with OOTW; and 
introduces you to operational categories of OOTW.

2.  The IEW challenges vary for each category of OOTW 
but, in general, they remain the following:

     a.  Identify the Threat:  The threat is often ambiguous 
and could be multiple and very complex in nature.  The 
threat could also be the very organization US forces are sent 
to assist.  In OOTW the threat is hard to define.  

     b.   Focus Intelligence Collection Assets:  Collecting 
against the threat is difficult due to the nature of the threat as 
well as the nature of US collection systems which were 
originally designed against well defined more collectable 
threats.

     c.  Coordinate and Disseminate Intelligence:  
Coordinating and disseminating is difficult in OOTW due to 
the fact that often OOTW operations are joint in nature, with 
Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine forces as well as 
non-DOD agencies.  Lastly, involvement of a Host/third 
country makes dissemination, for security and 
communications reasons, extremely difficult.

3.  Six basic categories of intelligence requirements 
associated with OOTW:

     a.  Political:  Does the government recognize it has a 
problem? This is very critical. If they don't, the US forces 
could have a major problem in implementing a COIN 
operation.  How do the political structure, laws and 
regulations of the government support or hinder COIN 
operations? What are the government's national policies 
(foreign and domestic)? What are the significant political 
groups? What biographic data is needed on key political 
figures? Where and by whom were major leaders taught? 
Where did they go to college, if at all, and what university?

     b.  Economic:  What is the status of the country's 
commerce and industry i.e., who owns them and where are 
they located? What agricultural products are grown and what 
percent of land is owned by the population? How is the 
labor force broken down by location and skills? What is the 
status of economic organizations, investment and aid? Who 
does the country trade with? Who has large investments in 
the country? What treaties does the country have? What and 
where are the natural resources? What types of 
communications - civilian domestic and international - does 
the country have?  Where are they located and who controls 
them?  How well do they work? How widespread are 
various types of media sources (TV, radio, newspaper, 
magazines)? Who owns them and what political leanings do 
they have?

     c.  Sociological:  What are the country's social structure 
and characteristics of the people? What are their customs 
and manners? What are the languages and dialects? Where 
are they spoken? Who and where are the minorities? What is 
the demographic makeup of the population? What is the 
literacy rate?  What, if any, education programs and 
facilities exist? What types of refugee camps exist, where 
are they and what is their status? What are the public health 
programs and facilities? What are the social ills and how is 
the government and public reacting to them?

     d.  Geographic/Environmental:  All standard military 
weather and terrain data requirements such as surface 
configuration, drainage and vegetation are valid.  However, 
the country's climate is very important to long range military 
and civil affairs projects.  The population in remote areas 
may be adversely affected by cyclic climatological changes 
and become vulnerable to insurgent psyop attacks.  OOTW 
operations require a detailed analysis of population-related 
key terrain and other non-standard terrain factors.  Military 
maps and charts may be scarce or non-existent.  
Additionally, you must ask questions that pertain to use of 
the land by government, US and insurgent/terrorist/guerrilla 
forces.  It is expected that the analyst will examine the 
terrain and weather for its impact on friendly and enemy 
capabilities and courses of action.  However, the difficult 
part is to narrow down the actual requirements each side has 
in order to fight.

          (1)  What types of insurgent camps does he need 
(training, headquarters, logistics, storage and distribution, 
medical, communications, displaced persons, etc.)? Each 
type of facility has its own unique requirements.  Determine 
what those are before trying to template them for enemy 
forces locations.  Attempt to develop a baseline of 
information, by type.

          (2)  What types of mobility does the host military 
have? If the host military does not have a technologically 
sophisticated force, it may have the same capabilities and 
limitations (weather and terrain) that the insurgents have 
(see below).

     e.  Host Government Military and Security Forces:  
Intelligence on the Host nation forces is as important as it is 
on insurgent forces.  What are their weapons, equipment, 
organization, doctrine and tactics? Where were their leaders 
trained?  From whom do they receive their logistics 
support?  What is the manpower pool? What is the attitude 
of the armed forces? Does the military support the 
government or is it infiltrated with insurgents? What 
intelligence capabilities does the military have? What are 
the national level agencies which support or could support 
OOTW operations across the board? What are the military's 
training areas and patterns? After requesting all the 
information on military forces, you need to gather the same 
general type of data on the security forces of a nation;  such 
as its police, airport security, presidential guards, reserves, 
national guard, etc.  Not all countries have a separate 
security arm.  But if they do, often these forces are more 
suited toward internal security than the military.

     f.  Threat:  Knowledge of the threat is required in 
OOTW as in any situation.  But is frequently more difficult 
to develop.  What and where are the leaders and what is 
their philosophy? By whom and where are the insurgents 
being trained? What equipment do they have and who is 
supplying it? What are their financial resources? What is 
their ideology and what, if any, appeal does it have for the 
population? What are the sources and types of external 
support? What are their tactics and targets? What are their 
communications and transportation capabilities?- What are 
their sources of internal support? How many insurgent 
movements, sub-groups are there and what, if any, are their 
goals and timetables for reaching those goals?

4.  Categories of intelligence products:

     a.  Current Intelligence:  Essentially day-to-day events 
to keep consumers apprised of new developments.

     b.  Estimative Intelligence:  Projects forward using 
known facts, analysis and predictions based upon both, as 
well as what may not be known.

     c.  Warning Intelligence:  Communicates danger 
strongly inherent to US interests in a time, form and fashion 
to enable a decision to be made.

     d.  Research Intelligence:  Studies with graphs and 
charts relating current and estimative intelligence to deal 
with potential capabilities.  Two subcategories include:

          (1)  Basic Intelligence:  Geographic, demographic, 
social, military, and political data on foreign countries.

          (2)  Intelligence for Operations Support:  Tailored, 
focused and rapidly produced intelligence for planners and 
operators; to include data for targeting and terrain analysis.  
Involves national through tactical input for tactical 
intelligence.

     e.  Scientific and Technical:  All-source analysis of a 
technical nature which covers the entire spectrum of 
sciences and analysis of such things as weapons systems, 
technologies and assists in monitoring.

     f.  Open Source Intelligence:   Gaps or shortcomings in 
your information can be filled by going to unclassified 
sources such as educational institutions, financial institutions 
and businesses.  Open sources such as weekly news 
magazines, encyclopedias, maps and geodetic surveys, wire 
services and network TV news can provide near real-time 
on-the-spot information to augment classified current 
intelligence reporting.  Be aware of any tendency toward 
bias when using open sources.  Many periodicals make it 
difficult to separate fact from conjecture or opinion.

 5.  Register of Intelligence Publications:  DIA publishes the 
Register of Intelligence Publications which is a 
comprehensive list of periodic intelligence reports produced 
by the entire range of DOD intelligence activities.  Before 
going on, lets define collection sources and agencies.

6.  Collection Sources and Agencies: 

      a.  Agency:  An agency is an organization designed to 
collect intelligence or information or perform other official 
functions in service of the government.  All national 
intelligence agencies can support OOTW missions to some 
degree.  OOTW against conventional threats can count on the 
 full range of technical collection assets.  While high-tech 
collection can be brought to bear on insurgents and drug 
traffickers, these technical systems will have to be cued and 
focused in order to be effective.  All the organizations at all 
levels we have discussed so far can be considered agencies.

     b.  Source:  A source is an individual or group that 
works outside official status, is not formally designed to 
gather or produce intelligence, but can provide invaluable 
information.  Examples include bankers, shop owners, 
teachers, host government officials, etc.  At the tactical 
level, raw information or intelligence can be acquired 
through the collection of information from sources vice 
agencies.

NOTE:  The key to sources and agencies is that agencies 
have intelligence collection as a mission and to that extent 
can be considered more reliable in satisfying your 
requirements.  Sources, on the other hand, have another job, 
may not be as easy to tap into for information on a regular 
basis and are less timely than agencies.  

7.  National Level Producers:  Both DOD and non-DOD 
agencies develop and produce the above types of 
intelligence products which may answer any of the 
intelligence requirements you have identified in OOTW 
environments.

8.  Service Intelligence Producers:  These producers usually 
provide service-oriented intelligence products and are the 
first step in requests for information (RFIs) which can be 
answered from data bases.  The Army uses the Intelligence 
and Security Command (INSCOM); the Air Force has the 
Air Force Intelligence Agency (AFIA); the Navy uses Naval 
Operations Intelligence Center (NOIC or NAVOPINCEN); 
and the Marine Corps has the MSMC Intelligence Center in 
Quantico, Virginia.  These organizations do not have 
identical missions and capabilities and their focus is 
generally on providing intelligence suited for their service.

9.  Operational Level (Theater):  The tactical analyst usually 
ties into the National or service level analysis and collection 
capabilities at the operational level.  This is also usually the 
first level where a joint environment is found, although there 
are exceptions.

     a.  The Joint Intelligence Center:   The Joint 
Intelligence Center is the analytical effort under the theater 
J2 senior intelligence officer (usually a general).  The JICs 
are found at PACOM, CENTCOM and EUCOM and 
represent an effort to bring together all services.  JICs 
produce finished intelligence and often man a theater-watch 
or warning center for I&W.  In many cases, the JIC also 
interfaces directly with national-level.

     b.  The Joint Reconnaissance Center:  The Joint 
Reconnaissance Center is the collection effort under the 
theater J2.  It coordinates theater-level collection assets of 
all the services in theater and in many cases interfaces 
directly with national-level.

     c.  The Joint Special Operations:  The Joint Special 
Operations is the theater-level coordination focus for all 
services special forces (SF) elements in the theater.

10.  Operational Level (Army):  There are a number of 
elements which come under or out of the Corps G2.

     a.  The MI Brigades:  Provide all-source analysis and 
collection effort for the army in a theater and are usually 
dedicated to a theater (513th MI BDE -- CENTCOM Army 
Assets; 500th MI BDE, IX Corps Asset; 501st MI BDE -- 
US Army Assets in Korea).  Their analysis can be single 
source or all-source and much of their collection effort goes 
into national level.

     b.  Theater Army Special Operations Support 
Command (TASOSC):   TASOSC is a potential producer 
as well as a consumer of intelligence.  The close association 
between SOF missions and OOTW can be of benefit to the 
intelligence officer of a non-SOF unit who has assumed a 
mission in the region/country.  Much of the work on 
developing and answering requirements might already have 
been done by the intelligence officer associated with the 
SOF element.

     c.  The Tactical Analysis Team (TAT):   TAT is an ad 
hoc organization developed with the mission associated with 
US interests with a particular country or region in mind.  The 
TAT  supports the country team, which works for the 
ambassador.  The TAT has access to national-level 
resources and, although they may be difficult for the army 
intelligence officer to access on a routine basis, they may 
provide a solid foundation of basic intelligence topics 
before arrival or immediately upon arrival in country.  The 
TATs are the focal point of the fusion of tactical intelligence 
from national, theater and local assets.  TATs are capable of 
funneling intelligence support to the host government through 
the country team (their primary role).

9.  Tactical Level:  These are the military intelligence assets 
organic or attached to the MI Battalion at division or the MI 
company at regiment/brigade.  These assets work for the 
tactical commander and can be expected to work with the 
host nation military and police.



	




	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

As stated earlier, the information requirements for each 
category of OOTW vary.

SUPPORT TO AN INSURGENCY:  This category involves 
supporting foreign political and military entities engaged in 
pro-democracy struggles within their own border.  When 
deemed appropriate by our national command authorities.  
US forces can be tasked to provide training, materiel and 
intelligence support to pro-Western insurgents.  Although 
this mission would probably be assigned to Special 
Operations Forces, conventional forces may also participate 
in a limited support role.  To determine the intelligence 
requirements for this operational category, reverse your 
perspective and put yourself in the place of the insurgents.  
Look at all the issues noted above in COIN and use these 
questions to support the insurgents. (NOTE: If the US 
supports them, they most likely will not be called insurgents 
for political reasons.)
	
Some specific questions include: Is the insurgency 
considered legitimate by anyone ? What portion of the 
population supports the insurgents? What are the political 
issues which fueled the insurgency? What existing political 
organizations share the same views? What is the position of 
neighboring countries on the insurgency? What other 
regional powers support the insurgency and support US 
involvement? What are the economic factors which 
influenced the outbreak of the insurgency? What are the 
government's economic choke points and other weaknesses 
(political, social, military)? Can the insurgents attack these 
vulnerabilities without alienating the civilian population? 
How long can the government finance its COIN operations? 
What ethnic, religious, cultural and other social divisions 
exist within the country? Geographical/environmental issues 
are the same as in COIN, but from the reverse perspective.  
Some factors concerning Host Nation military/security may 
not be appropriate as we do not expect support from them.  
However, knowledge of their capabilities and 
vulnerabilities is necessary to our assisting the insurgents in 
fighting them.  This overlaps into the Threat category.

Terrorism:  Combatting terrorism has two major 
components - antiterrorism and counterterrorism. During 
peacetime, the Army combats terrorism primarily through 
anti-terrorism, which is those passive defensive measures 
taken to minimize vulnerability to terrorism. Anti-terrorism 
is a form of force protection and, thus, the responsibility of 
Army commanders at all levels. Antiterrorism complements 
counterterrorism, which is the full range of offensive 
measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism. 
Army elements, such as SOF, assist in this interagency effort 
by applying specialized capabilities to preclude, preempt, 
and resolve terrorist incidents abroad. Counterterrorism 
occurs in conflict and war; antiterrorism occurs across the 
range of military operations.

COUNTERTERRORISM:   Questions should be similar to 
those for Support to Insurgency.  Counterterrorism is the 
offensive half of the combatting terrorism operations 
category.  Although the intelligence requirements for CT are 
very similar, the offensive nature of this mission requires 
target specific information.  This includes layout of terrorist 
camps, complexes, building interiors, etc.  Individual 
terrorist habits, traits and characteristics similar to COIN 
are needed.  Include questions which relate to terrorists 
attacks against US interests in retaliation for US support to 
CT operations

ANTITERRORISM: This is primarily defensive in nature 
and requires an analysis of all the factors considered for CT, 
but the perspective is reversed to try and prevent incidents.

PEACEKEEPING: US forces performing these missions 
require detailed knowledge of the political and military 
aspects of the conflict between the belligerents.  Many of the 
diplomatic rules that govern them limit our intelligence 
collection activities as well as other operations.  US forces 
must understand what economic and social factors are 
influencing the conflict.  Is the war over food or other 
resources? If so, where are these resources? What are the 
economic conditions in the buffer zone, if there is a buffer 
zone? What are the significant ethnic or religious problems 
and what is the history of these conflicts?  Is there any 
historical precedent for the conflict?

Geographic/environmental questions are similar to those for 
both OOTW and conventional operations, however the 
detail will vary with the nature of the peacekeeping 
operation.  Although there may not be a Host Nation in the 
Host sense, questions concerning the belligerent's military 
and security forces capabilities are certainly applicable.  
The presence of US peacekeeping forces will, under some 
circumstances, be under the auspices of the United Nations 
world organization and will be deployed as determined by 
the world body in many cases.  There may also be third 
party nations involved in staging base areas and their 
attitudes towards the PKO may affect US personnel.  The 
threat may be more than a military force in PKO.  Civilians 
of one of the belligerents may attack US PKO forces in 
retaliation for assistance to another group.  The Threat may 
be unarmed civilians who demonstrate or simply throw 
rocks.

OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR:  This category is by 
far the most diverse and demanding on the IEW system.  The 
threats against US forces range from natural disasters to 
conventional forces.  Although by definition, OOTW falls 
short of war, US forces can face anything from a poorly 
trained guerrilla group to an elite conventional force.  These 
operations can occur at any time and at any place on the 
globe.  When determining requirements, look at all 
information requirements and how they apply to the other 
categories of OOTW.  One specific mission is Counterdrug 
which can require additional information.  If carried out 
within US borders,  CD falls under the heading of support to 
US civil authorities.  Elsewhere, we may become involved 
in assisting a Host Nation with developing a CD force or 
policy.  Some questions include: What are the Host Nation's 
political issues regarding US CD assistance? Do the 
majority of the people support their government's CD 
policy? What is the political sentiment on US involvement? 
What natural or preexisting social divisions make a segment 
of society more susceptible to the allures of the drug trade? 
Does the economic situation offer reasonable alternatives? 
Are there signs of unexplained affluence among certain 
groups or in certain areas? Where in the country are the 
weather and terrain factors favorable to the cultivation of 
drugs? When are the growing and harvest seasons? Where is 
the terrain favorable to the establishment of processing 
plants? What natural and man-made LOCs are available to 
the drug traffickers? Is the host government military/security 
committed to the war on drugs? Are they trained and 
organized to carry out the mission? Can they react to 
US-provided or derived intelligence? What is the nature of 
the drug threat? Are they narco-guerrillas? Are they purely 
drug runners? What is their organization, tactics, weapons, 
training, transportation? What is their source of chemical 
precursor support, (internal/external)? In addition, you will 
likely need some specialized information on what types of 
drugs are grown in particular areas and what are the 
indicators?

The 13 operational categories of OOTW are:



Noncombatant Evacuation Operations
Arms Control
Support to Domestic Civil Authorities Humanitarian 
Assistance and Disaster Relief Security Assistance
Nation Assistance
Support to Counterdrug
Combatting Terrorism
Peacekeeping
Peace Enforcement
Show of Force
Support for Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies
Attacks and Raids.