POI File No.: TSSNBI
Date: APRIL 1995

US ARMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER AND FT. HUACHUCA
Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613-7000

Course NO.: C20-35D, Military Intelligence Officer Basic Course.

Author of LP: William T. Garmon

TITLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL EVENT:National Intelligence Structure.

Administrative Data:

1. Type and length of Instruction: One hour = 1C.

2. Optimum Class Size: 36

3. Battalion Approval: Date:

Revision Number: 3

4. Classification: Unclassified.

5. Class Site: General Instructional Classroom.

6. Number on Instructors: 1.

7. Evaluation Strategy: Student Checks.

8. Sequencing: Follows SINFXT -Precedes SIZZXR.

9. Transportation: N/A.

10. Aircraft: N/A.

11. Communications: N/A.

12. Troops/Support Personnel: N/A.

13. Weapons/Ordinance/EOD: N/A.

14. Mess: N/A.

15. Medical: N/A.

16. Student Supplied Uniform and Equipment: Duty Uniform.

18A. Instructor References: The US Intelligence Community, J.T. Richelson, 1985; The Intelligence Community: History, Organization, and Issues, Tyrus G. Fain, 1972; Executive Order 12333, Executive Order 12357, Excerpts of the National Security Act of 1947.

18B. Student References: N/A.

19. AV Equipment/Training Aids: 35mm slides and projector.

20. Critical Tasks: N/A.

21. Other Tasks Trained: N/A.

22. ELO/TLO: N/A.

23. Revision Justification: Revision one, annual update of Lesson Plan. Revision two, annual update of Lesson Plan. Revision three, annual update of Lesson Plan.

24. Training Material Impact: N/A.

25. Scope: This block of instruction explains the organizations created by the National Security Act of 1947, the provisions and differences in Executive Orders 11905, 12036, and 12333, the organizations responsible for advising the president on intelligence matters, the National Security Council and its use by different presidents, and the organizations responsible for intelligence collection/production and their duties and functions.

26. Risk Assessment: IVE -Low Risk Assessment Code.

TITLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL EVENT: NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE STRUCTURE.

Instructor Notes Presentation

1. INTRODUCTION

a. Lesson Tie-in: This block of instruction will complement instruction you have already had concerning national SIGINT, IMINT, and HUMINT. To understand these disciplines you must have a basic knowledge of the intelligence community as a whole.

(Title) b. Scope: This block of instruction explains the organizations created by the National Security Act of 1947, the provisions and differences in Executive Orders 11905, 12036, and 12333, the organizations responsible for advising the president on intelligence matters, the National Security Council and its use by different presidents, and describe the organizations responsible for intelligence collection to include their duties and functions.

c. Safety: There are no safety considerations for this class. Risk Assessment Code IVE -LOW.

d. Purpose: The purpose of this module is to further familiarize you with the structure and organization of the US National Intelligence Community. It is important for you, as intelligence officers to understand this structure. This understanding will compliment previous instructions.

e. Procedure: As I present this class, I will periodically ask you questions to check your comprehension of the material presented.

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2. DEVELOPMENT

a. National Security Act of 1947: Prior to 1947, the intelligence efforts of the US were not permaently established. When the need for a major intelligence effort arose, an organization was established to fulfill the need. A prime example of this was the establishment of the OSS, Office of Strategic Services, during WWII. It was not until the passage of the National Security Act of 1947 that the United States developed a permanent national intelligence structure. It is the legislation, along with its 1949 amendment, that remains the cornerstone of the intelligence community today. The intelligence organizations created by the National Security Act of 1947 are the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency. The actual makeup and individual responsibilities of the intelligence community are determined by the President through executive orders

Show Slide 3 (EO).

b. Executive Orders: The executive orders that we will briefly discuss and compare are those of Ford, Carter, and Reagan. President Bush has decided to operate under the same executive order of President Reagan (EO 12333). Executive Orders have the force of law upon members of the executive branch and members of the intelligence community. Executive Orders basically reflect the Presidents operating or management style. No two Presidents have operated the same and no two executive orders are the same. This is clearly shown by comparing these three executive orders.

(EO 11905) 1. EO 11905: President Ford's EO was fairly restrictive, primarily due to the public atmosphere of distrust toward the intelligence community. This distrust was highlighted by the investigations of the Church Committee in 1975 (Headed by Senator Church). This investigation was concerned with alleged CIA involvement in assassinations of world leaders, collection against US citizens and other questionable activities.

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Show Slide 5

(EO 12036) 2. EO 12036: President Carter's EO was extremely restrictive, as evidenced by the four and a half pages of restrictions enumerated within. The overall tone of the EO was restrictive, a "toe the line attitude" prevalent throughout. While most executive orders contain twenty to forty pages, Carter's contained 236 pages.

(EO 12333) 3. EO 12333: President Reagan's EO contrasts sharply with those of his predecessors. This order allows collection by agencies within the intelligence community on US citizens and corporations as long as the information collected constitutes foreign or counternarcotics or counterterrorist intelligence. Clearly defined procedures explain how and under what guidelines intelligence may be collected, stored, and disseminated. This EO gave a clear signal on the value and importance of intelligence. The overall tone of this EO was positive, for example, restrictions on intelligence activities, in previous EOs became "conduct of intelligence activities" in EO 12333. President Bush opted to retain EO 12333 during his term in office. It is not yet known what

Show Slide 7 President Clinton's executive order will contain.

c. President: The president sits at the top of the intelligence community. He is the only elected official and, as such, bears a great responsibility to the public for the proper and legal conduct of the intelligence community. The President is expected to make reasoned informed decisions, and establish and pursue national foreign policy. This can be done only if he knows the plans and goals of world leaders and how foreign plans may effect the US. It is the job of the intelligence community to provide this information

Show Slide 8 in a timely manner.

d. President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB): Consists of individuals outside the government, appointed by the President. The PFIAB is concerned with the quality, efficiency, adequacy, and performance of intelligence produced in this country. Three members of the PFIAB also serve on another board,

Show Slide 9 the Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB).

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e. Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB): This board consists of three members, who are appointed by the President. The IOB is principally concerned with the legality of US intelligence activities. Board members do not receive a salary but are reimbursed for their expenses. The board meets at the direction of the President and discusses topics designated by the him. The IOB has a permanent staff of two and its budget for FY84 was $64,000. The key point about the IOB is that it looks into issues that the President designates, so it is not involved in review of all activities, (ie.,

Show Slide 10 Iran/Contra affair).

f. Congressional Oversight: Prior to 1976, Congressional oversight of intelligence activities was done by the Armed Services, Appropriations, and the Foreign Affairs committees of both the House and Senate. As a result of the Watergate hearings and the Church Committee findings, questions arose concerning the operations of the CIA, FBI, and other members of the intelligence community as well as Congressional oversight of these operations. As a result of the hearings, permanent committees for intelligence oversight were established. The Senate established the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on 19 May 1976, and the House established the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on 14 July 1977. The Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 gave both commitees more control over the Intelligence Community's budget.

(APNSA) g. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA): The APNSA, commonly known as the National Security Advisor, is a personal advisor to the president. The most important job of the APSNSA is his position on the National Security Council (NSC). The APNSA, depending on the management style of the President, sometimes serves as the chairman of the NSC. Recommendations of the NSC are normally passed to the President by the APNSA. This individual has an inherently conflicting role with that of the Secretary of State. This is due the conflicts that arise between national security matters and foreign policy matters. The current APNSA is Anthony Lake.

Show Slides 12 & 13

4.

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h. National Security Council (NSC): The mission of the NSC is to advise the President on any matter relating to national Security dealing with domestic, foreign, and military concerns of the United States. The NSC is the primary organization that drives and controls the national intelligence community. It was established by the National Security Act of 1947. The NSC provides review, guidance, and policy formulation for intelligence and counterintelligence activities. The NSC will usually form committees to handle specific problems or concerns. These committees are established as needed. The size and composition of the NSC is a direct reflection of the Presidents management and operating style. Staff requirements for the NSC are handled by three Senior Interagency Groups (SIG). They are the SIG-FP (Foreign Policy), the SIG-DP (Defense Policy), and the SIG-I (Intelligence). The SIG that effects us the most in the intelligence community is the SIG-I. Every change of administration brings with it a change in the personnel and organization of the NSC. Because of this change, there are some problems associated with transitions between administrations. This can be shown by looking at the way different Presidents used the NSC.

-Truman: President Truman saw the NSC as a badly needed organization whose primary mission was to provide different recommendations and options to the President. He made the Vice President a permanent member of the NSC so that he would always be informed about key issues of national security.

-Eisenhower: The NSC reached the summit of its importance under President Eisenhower's direction. Because of his military background and he familiarity with staffs, the NSC grew to include 45 committees. Unlike Truman, Eisenhower felt the NSC should recommend one single option instead of multiple options.

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-Kennedy: President Kennedy's use of the NSC was characterized by informality. The real decisions made in his administration were made by ad hoc committees formed at the direction of the President (ie.,the EXCOM for the Cuban Missle Crisis). He did however, make use of the NSC as a tool to legitimize his policy decisions. This increased the publics confidence in him and his decision making ability.

-Johnson: President Johnson's use of the NSC was also characterized by informality. The most frequent forum for NSC meetings in this administration was Tuesday lunches. Consequently, the importance of the NSC diminished. Johnson did foresee the necessity for building regional expertise in the NSC and organized the council into departmental groups for the Middle East, Far East, Latin America, Europe, and Africa.

-Nixon: President Nixon wanted the NSC to provide him with several different options, much as Truman had. Due to the strong influence of his APNSA, Henry Kissinger, however, he received only selective options -those options favored by the APNSA.

-Ford: The most distinguishing feature of the NSC under the Ford administration was the Kissinger -Schlesinger conflict. Kissinger was the strong influential Secretary of State asserting his control over foreign policy (and the President). Schlesinger was the new APNSA attempting to make his impact on national security matters. The ensuing in fighting was legendary.

-Carter: Interdepartmental conflicts characterized the NSC under Carter. Conflicts frequently surfaced between the SECSTATE (Vance), the SECDEF (Brown), and the APNSA (Brzenzinski). The best example of the lack of cohesion was Ambassador Young's (UN Ambassador) vote condemning Israeli settlements on the West Bank. Days later Carter retracted Young's vote and the US abstained. Ambassador Young was forced to resign.

-Reagan: President Reagan's principal immediate goal was to eliminate the interdepartmental conflicts common to Carter's administration. The NSC also grew during the Reagan administration.

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Show Slide 15 and 16
(DCI)

i. Director of Central Intelligence (DCI): Just below the NSC in the intelligence structure is the DCI. The DCI is appointed by the President (after confirmation by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence) to serve as the principal intelligence advisor to the President. The DCI may be either military or civilian. In addition to his role as intelligence advisor, the DCI fulfills roles as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), producer of National Intelligence Estimates, and as the coordinator of all national intelligence activities. It can be said that the DCI is the central focal point for intelligence in

Show Slide 17 & 18 this country.

j. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): The CIA was formed by the National Security Act of 1947. The function of the CIA is to produce finished intelligence products for national level consumers. The Watergate incident and the Church committee put some severe restrictions on the activities of the CIA (ie., ban on assassinations, human experimentation, collection on US

Show Slide 19 citizens).

k. Department of Defense (DoD): DoD is the main consumer of intelligence in this country. The Secretary of Defense and thus the Department of Defense is tasked to:

1. Collect military and military related foreign intelligence.

2. Direct and operate the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA).

3. Protect friendly information.

4. Provide the defense establishment with accurate and timely information on military capabilities or political intents of foreign states. This ensures that US policy makers are forewarned and military forces are prepared for any event which threatens the national security (I&W or Indications and Warning Intelligence).

(DIA) l. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA): To help DoD accomplish its broad mission the DIA was established in August 1961 by DoD Directive 5105.21. Its mission is to satisfy, or ensure satisfaction of the foreign intelligence requirements of the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, DoD components, and other authorized recipients. It also provides the military intelligence contribution to national intelligence. The DIA primary mission is to produce a finished intelligence product. DIA uses all source intelligence to produce this product, 41.9 percent of DIA manpower is used to accomplish this mission. It should be noted that only 5.4 percent of DIA manpower is used for collection (primarily military attaches) of intelligence. DIA is and should be considered an analysis and intelligence production center. Intelligence collection is done by other DoD agencies (Army, Navy, Air Force, etc.), DIA takes this information and produces a finished intelligence product. The headquarters and the Defense Intelligence Analysis Center (DIAC) is located at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington D.C. The DIA also manages two other functions, they are the: Defense Intelligence College (DIC) and the Defense Attache System.

(JMIC) 1. Joint Military Intelligence College (JMIC): The DIA provides Administrative and logistic support to the JMIC. The JMIC provides advanced and career development intelligence training to both DoD and non-DoD personnel. The JMIC also trains military attaches.

(Attache System) 2. Defense Attache System: All US Embassies overseas have a military attache assigned. The primary purpose of the attaches is to observe and report military and politico-military intelligence information. They also administer military assistance programs and foreign military sales as directed by congress and the DoD.

(NSA) m. National Security Agency (NSA): NSA performs three major functions for DoD, these are:

1. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT): SIGINT is contains three subcomponents: Communications Intelligence (COMINT), Electronic Intelligence (ELINT), and Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence (FISINT). For the intelligence community SIGINT is the most important function of the NSA.

2. Information Security (INFOSEC): INFOSEC contains two subcomponents, they are: Communications Security (COMSEC), and Computer Security (COMPUSEC). NSA is the cognizant authority for

Show Slide 25 & 26 INFOSEC for all of DoD.

n. State Department -Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR): The INR is the State Departments organic intelligence analysis and production center. The INR has no internal collection assets, but relies on US Embassies abroad to satisfy its collection requirements. The INR is tasked with overt foreign intelligence collection (if the INR has covert collection requirements, the CIA will normally be tasked). The INR also produces and disseminates intelligence relating to US foreign policy.

(Treasury) o. Department of the Treasury: Treasury is responsible for the overt collection of foreign financial and monetary information and also oversees the activities of the Secret Service. The Secret Service is responsible for Executive Officer protection. Treasury has its own intelligence section that is concerned with:

1. Foreign investments in the U.S.

2. Major currency stability.

3. Balance of Trade.

4. Track drug money laundering.

p. Department of Energy: This department is responsible for the overt collection and dissemination of intelligence concerning energy matters. It has no intelligence organization of its own and must, therefore, depend on other members of the community for its information. The Department of Energy is especially interested in:

1. Safeguarding of fissionable materials.

2. Security of reactors.

3. Information about foreign nuclear developments. This includes nuclear weapons uses and deployments, and on nations developing nuclear weapons (ie., Iraq).

(Department of Justice)

q. Department of Justice: The Department of Justice has two organizations heavily involved in the intelligence arena. These are the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). There is a third organization within Justice that does not play as strong a role within the intelligence community. That organization is the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).

1. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): The DEA's primary intelligence role revolves around narcotics intelligence. The function of the DEA is to enforce the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act and produce intelligence on foreign and domestic narcotics production and trafficking.

2. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Since 1936, the FBI has been charged with the responsibility for conducting intelligence operations within the U.S. Additionally, the FBI -conducts counterintelligence (CI) operations within the U.S. -guards against espionage, subversion and sabotage -collects foreign intelligence within the U.S. Restrictions on the intelligence activities of the FBI are similar to those under which the CIA must operate. Because the FBI is an arm of the Department of Justice, the FBI may conduct physical searches and seizures, except in cases where the military or CIA have jurisdiction. The FBI intelligence operations operate under the same restrictions (ie., prohibited activities) that the intelligence community does.

3. CONCLUSION

a. Review of main points: During this period of instruction, I explained the structure and organization of the U.S. national intelligence community. Also, the roles of the PFIAB and IOB in assisting the President in fulfilling his responsibilities for the legal and efficient running of intelligence organizations; the National Security Council and its committees drive the intelligence community by providing policy formulation with respect to national foreign intelligence; the role played by the DCI and have viewed his responsibilities. Finally, we have taken a brief look at each of the government agencies that have responsibilities for the collection and production of intelligence as it pertains to their respective areas of interest.

b. Questions and Comments: Take student questions and comments at this time.

c. Tie-In: The information covered today should provide you with a better background for future utilization of the resources available in the national intelligence community. Also, this class will help you better understand who is responsible for key areas within the intelligence community.

LIST OF SLIDES

1. Title. 19. DIA.

3. Executive Orders. 21. Defense Intelligence College.

4. EO 11905. 22. Attache System.

5. EO 12036. 23. NSA.

6. EO 12333. 24. State Department.

7. President. 25. State Department continued.

8. PFIAB. 26. Treasury Department.

9. IOB. 27. Treasury continued.

10. Oversight. 28. Treasury continued.

11. APSNSA. 29. Department of Energy.

12. NSC Mission. 30. Energy continued.

13. NSC Function. 31. Justice Department.

14. DCI. 32. Justice continued.

15. DCI continued. 33. Justice continued.

16. CIA. 34. Justice continued.

17. CIA continued.

18. DoD.

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